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endo Flashcards

1
Q

When do prog levels peak in menstruation?

A

Luteal phase

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2
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Normal/high PTH

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3
Q

Hypercalcemia - PTH low or high?

A

Low

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4
Q

First hormone to be secreted in hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon

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5
Q

Drug used prior to trans-sphenoidal surgery?

A

Octreotide

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6
Q

First line drug for stress incontinence?

A

Duloxetine

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7
Q

First line drug for urge incontinence?

A

Oxybut

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8
Q

How long should PFT be continued before changing management?

A

3M

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9
Q

Patient with an unexplained raised anion gap acidosis and normal blood sugar level who is on SGLT2 inhibitor?

A

Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EuDKA)

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10
Q

Raised calcium in malignancy?

A

Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide release

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11
Q

Acromegaly first and second line investigations?

A

1st - IGF1 2nd - glucose tolerance testing

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12
Q

Which pathology is least recognised as a potential complication of acromegaly?

A

Pulmonary HTN

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13
Q

Water deprivation test results for primary polydipsia?
Urine osmolality after fluid deprivation and desmopressin?

A

High

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14
Q

Water deprivation test results for nephrogenic DI?
Urine osmolality after fluid deprivation and desmopressin?

A

Low

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15
Q

Serum osmolality in HHS?

A

Serum osmolality is typically > 320 mosmol/kg

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16
Q

History of following a viral illness, raised ESR, tender goitre and initial hyperthyroid phase?

A

subacute (De Quervain’s) thyroiditis - management is aspirin/NSAIDs

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17
Q

High calcium, high PTH + long history of renal impairment?

A

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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18
Q

Bartter’s syndrome results from?

A

Defective NKCC2 channel in the ascending loop of Henle

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19
Q

PPAR-gamma receptor agonists CI in which pathology?

A

HF

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20
Q

Glycosuria, slim, recurrent balanitis? Inheritance?

A

MODY - autosomal dom

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21
Q

Hypokalemic met alkalosis associated with which pathology?

A

Cushings syndrome

22
Q

Medications causing drug induced gynaecomastia?

A

Digoxin, spiro, goserelin

23
Q

Antibodies distinguishing Grave’s from other forms of thyroid disease?

24
Q

SGLT inhibitor example and mechanism?

A

Dapaglifozin, prevents glucose from being absorbed in prox tubule - causes glycosuria predisposing pts to UTIs

25
Q

Hypercalacemia secondary to malignancy?

A

PTH is low, although PTHrP may be raised

26
Q

Which types of renal tubular acidosis cause hypokalemia?

A

Type 1 and 2

27
Q

Sulfonylureas mechanism?

A

Stimulate secretion of insulin

28
Q

First line medication in MODY?

29
Q

Metformin mechanism?

A

Increases sensitivity to insulin

30
Q

Thiazolidinediones mechanism?

A

Activate PPAR-gamma receptor in adipocytes to promote adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake

31
Q

DPP4 inhibitors mechanism?

A

Inhibitor - Increases incretin levels

32
Q

GLP1 agonists?

A

Incretin mimetic which inhibits glucagon secretion

33
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors (-gliflozins) mechanisms?

A

SG (SUCK GLUCOSE) - Inhibits reabsorption of glucose in the kidney

34
Q

Metformin during Ramadan?

A

For patients taking metformin the expert consensus is that the dose should be split one-third before sunrise (Suhoor) and two-thirds after sunset (Iftar)

35
Q

LH and test in Kallmann’s?

A

kaLL (low low) - low LH and test

36
Q

Lack of smell (anosmia) in a boy with delayed puberty?

A

Kallmann’s

37
Q

Treating primary hypercholesterolaemia in adults in whom initial statin therapy is contraindicated or who cannot tolerate statin therapy?

38
Q

Type 1 RTA features?

A

Hypokalemia and nephrocalcinosis

39
Q

Type 2 RTA features?

A

Hypokalemia and osteomalacia

40
Q

Carbimazole mechanism of action?

A

Blocks thyroid peroxidase (TPO-carbimazOle) from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin → reducing thyroid hormone production

41
Q

Elevated prolactin level along with secondary hypothyroidism and hypogonadism is indicative of stalk compression and which dx?

A

Non functioning pit adenoma

42
Q

Gitelman’s syndrome triad?

A

Normotension, hypokalaemia + hypocalciuria

43
Q

Toxic multinodular goitre uptake on nuclear scintigraphy?

44
Q

Young female, 3-month history of increasing fatigue and facial plethora, heavy periods, raised hb?

A

Uterine fibroids - JAK2 associated with older pts

45
Q

Low Ca and PO4, high Ca?

A

Osteomalacia

46
Q

Barter’s syndrome associated with hyper or normotension?

A

Normotension

47
Q

Fibrates mechanism of action?

A

Activate PPAR alpha receptors resulting in an increase in LPL activity reducing triglyceride levels

48
Q

The most common cause of death in systemic sclerosis is?

A

Respiratory involvement

49
Q

Useful test of exocrine function in chronic pancreatits?

A

Faecal elastase

50
Q

ADH site of action?

A

Collecting ducts

51
Q

Molecular biology techniques?

A

Southern - DNA, NOrthern - RNA, Western - protein

SNOW DROP

52
Q

Molecular biology techniques?

A

Southern - DNA, NOrthern - RNA, Western - protein

SNOW DROP

mrcp 1 (18 decks)

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