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Two Voices - A Mother and Son Holocaust Survivors > endnotes > Flashcards

endnotes Flashcards

1
Q

Druysk

A

part of Russian empire and later part of Poland

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2
Q

Tzitzit

A

tassels worn by observan tjews on four cornered garments

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3
Q

tallit

A

prayer shawl

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4
Q

misnagdim

A

Hebrew word means opponents aka Vilna Goan often used by European Jews to refer to Ashkenazi Jews who opposed the rise and spread of Hasidic Judaism

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5
Q

Hasidism

A

troubled many traditional rabbis. felt it may be a false messiah movement.

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6
Q

Rabbi Israel ben ELiezer

A

founder of Hasidim

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7
Q

Lithuanian approach to Judaism was

A

concentration on highly intellectual Talmud study. Lithuania was the heartland of traditional opposition to Hasidism.

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8
Q

Opposition of the Vilna Goan

A

two bans against Hasidism came as early as 1772. Vilna Goan galvanized opposition to Hasidism. Believed claims of miracles were lies. Main point of oppostition was greatness lies in Torah.

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9
Q

Hasidism’s changes and challenges

A

most of the changes to Hasidism were product of Hasidic approach to Kaballah. the stress of prayer over study was seen as a threat to traditional Jewish views.

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10
Q

Hasidism did not follow the traditional Ashkenazi prayer rite and instead

A

used a rite that was a combination of AShkenazi and Sephardic rites based on Kabbalistic concepts

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11
Q

Hasidic jews also added some strict stringencies on

A

keeping things kosher

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12
Q

In many places, persecutions were instituted against the

A

hasidism

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13
Q

the leaders of Hasidism were denounced to the Russian government as

A

agitators and teachers of heresy

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14
Q

labeling Hasidism smart

A

Hebrew for pious and saintly

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15
Q

called opponents to Hasidism mitnagdim

A

Hebrew for opponents

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16
Q

naming made Hasidism seem more

A

dynamic and positive

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17
Q

with passage of time Hasidism and Mitnagdims realized that their differences were

A

largely inconsequential especially when they faced a common enemy the jewish enlightenment. feared their children would become irreligious; also Hasidism started to also rely on Talmud study

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18
Q

simcha shel mizpah

A

Hassidic joy of performing a commandment

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19
Q

flax

A

annual plant with tender stems, green leaves, pale blue flowers, one of worlds oldest fiber crops

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20
Q

flu

A

h1n1 in 1915? Spanish flu? precursor wave helps planning even now

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21
Q

Kraslava Latvia

A

During 1920-1935 jews increased 24000 to 44000 . Interwar was a good place to live for Jews. Then Russian occupation and holocaust came

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22
Q

shoemakers

A

early to mid 20th century shoes were still made by hand. Since they were handmade they were very expensive

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23
Q

Kristallnacht

A

pogroms against GErmany’s jews started in Nov 9 1938 by the Nazis translates as Night of Broken glass, A jewish teenager assassinated a german diplomat in Paris. Portrayed as spontaneous bit were really planned and calculated attacks against the Jews; culminated the escalating violence against Jews that began after incorporating Austria into the Reich in 1938

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24
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A

aka Hitler/Stalin Pact in theory a non aggression pact between the Soviet Union and German Reich signed in Moscow August 1939 by Molotov and vonRibbentrop lasted until Operation Barbossa June 1941

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25
Q

secret protocols on Nazi-soviet pact

A

independent countries including Lithuania were divided into spheres of interest so it made it more like a military aggression alliance

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26
Q

Operation Barbossa

A

dec 18 1840 hitler signed war directive #21 to crush Soviet Union in a quick campaign; names after a leader of the third crusade in the 12th century; marked downturn for Nazi fortunes

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27
Q

Hitlers generals advised him against fighting a

A

two front war

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28
Q

fierce resistance here sent Germans back a bit

A

Moscow; Russia’s victory cost the lives of 28 million Russians

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29
Q

born in Essen-Steele Germany on 7-6-1885 joined German army in 1904, served on Western front during WW1 , ardent supporter of Nazi party , Hitler appointed him Major General

A

Ernest Busch who told Hitler to take Czechoslavakia. Most other generals told him to move with caution. Took part in Operation Barbossa; surrendered later, was a prisoner of war and died in captivity

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30
Q

Kovno

A

between the world wars industry prospered here. It was the largest city in Lithuania. It 1940 it was annexed by the USSR. had a Jewish population of 37,000 often attacked by anti communist Lithuanians. 3700 were killed then others moved to a concentration camp. Many more were shot at Ninth Fort.

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31
Q

Ninth Fo

A

In 1944 when the Soviets moved in it became known as the Fort of Death and prisoners were dispersed to other camps. After WW2 the Soviets used it as a prison for a few years.

32
Q

Vidzy/Widze

A

Prior to WW1 was part of Russian Empire. Became part of Poland in 1920. In 1939 the Soviets entered and gave it to Lithuania. In 1941 when the nAZI Germans took over it was incorporated into Belarus under the Soviets IN 1945.. Today it is the NW part of Belarus near Lthuania and Latvia.

4th largest marketplace in Lithuania. Established over 500 years ago under Lithuania has been the site of many wars.
Russians/Swedes
Lithuanians/Poles
Germans/Russians

Prior to WW1 belonged to Russia
then Lithuania
later Nazi Germany
Finally Belarus
(like many towns in the Vilna district)
33
Q

Deportation

A

winter of 1942 Jews from Druysk and move to city of Vidzy or ghetto of Braslav. Gentiles waited to grab the Jews property. Some jumped sleighs and escaped. The pits were behind Braslav. Work was organized for them at Vidzy.

34
Q

The End Game

A

the ghetto was surrounded by Lithuanian collaborators; those useful for work were moved to Latvia and Estonia work camps.

35
Q

Swieciany

A

1300 Jews in Vidzy were transferred here to a small ghetto. Poor conditions led to typhus. Those with useful professions were then moved to Vilna others went to Kosvo. Lithuanian police took the ones meant for Kosvo to their deaths at Ponar. Their was chaos. Most still died.

36
Q

Ponar

A

Jews had to dig up and burn the bodies of fellow 10s of 1000s of Jews. They were put in a pit to sleep with the ladder pulled out each night. 15 did escape into the woods and met up with the partisans.

37
Q

Braslav

A

small town in Belarus; in Poland until 1795 and again between 1921 and 1939.

38
Q

The Holocaust Period in Braslav

A

In 1941 there were 2500 jews in Braslav. City was captured by the Germans in June 1941. Jews were removed to swamp for 2 days. Jewish property stolen by local population. Contribution of 100,000 rubles was expected from the Jewish population. By April 1942 a ghetto for the Jews was established. Ghetto divided into productive and nonproductive. First Atkion on June 3 1942 3000+ killed local farmers helped Germans kill. Autumn of 1942 ghetto turned into a work camp. March 1943 Nazis liquidated the camp some Jews offered armed resistance.

39
Q

Babi Yar

A

by 1941 the focus of the mobile killing units had changed. They had 4 main divisions A,B,C,D. Operated behind German troops eliminating undesirables. Stripped, shot and buried. One of the most brutal assassinations was at a ravine called Babi Yar near Ukranian city of Kiev.

40
Q

Cordwainer (new leather) or Cobbler (old leather)

A

name for a shoemaker

41
Q

sonderkommandos

A

groups of Jewish young prisoners picked for their youth whose job was to dispose of corpses

42
Q

coal tar soap

A

antiseptic soap orange in color made from the byproduct of distillation of coal

43
Q

black drawing salve

A

distilled from high sulphur oil shale ; brings splinters to surface, used for boils and carbuncles

44
Q

medicinal effects of urine

A

old urine contains high concentration of ammonia; urine is a byproduct of blood filtration it is NOT excess water. Toxins go to stool. urine is antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral. contains urea.

45
Q

pripetchik

A

fireplace with warming oven on top

46
Q

kaddish

A

prayer that praises god and asks for an establishment of his kingdom here on earth; recited by mourners at funerals; kaddish means santification

47
Q

Displaced Persons camp or DP camp

A

Following WW2 several hundred thousand Jewish people remained in these camps.

48
Q

Zeigenhain

A

a DP camp in Frankfurt’s American zone

49
Q

Talmud torah

A

Jewish religious elementary school

50
Q

mikve

A

jewish ritual bath; submersion in pool; ritual cleanse

51
Q

Eschwege

A

German airforce base became an America zone DP camp

52
Q

cheder

A

traditional religious school for young children

53
Q

yeshiva

A

religious academy

54
Q

UNRRA

A

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration provided relief to areas liberated by Axis powers and helped 8 million refugees.

55
Q

The Betar movement

A

Revisonist Zioist youth movement founded in 1923 in Latvia. played role in fight against British and founding of Israel. Ideaology is summarized in the poem Shir Betar, modeled on ideas of courage, selfrespect, military training, defense of Jewish life and settlement in Israel toward the creation of a Jewish state

56
Q

Mussolini

A

encouraged ancient values of Italians and was anticommunist; Betar movement liked this

57
Q

largest centre of Jewish population in world was in

A

Poland

58
Q

During the 1930s and 1940s Betar organized illegal transport of jews to

A

Israel; saved about 40000 potential Holocaust victims

59
Q

International Red Cross

A

97 million volunteers worldwide; humanitarian movement; protect human life and health; ensure respect; protect from suffering without discrimination

60
Q

Henry Dunant

A

went to Italy to talk to Napolean; witnessed battle with 40000 casualties. start of red cross

61
Q

Holocaust

A

Jews and gypsies murdered in cold blood ; Red cross guilty of not throwing its full weight around

62
Q

soap

A

rumored that the Nazis made soap from the bodies; probably just stories psychological sadism. Rhineland Industrial Production. Did try experiments on human fat of Polish =,

63
Q

musar movement

A

a jewish moral movement

1) study Talmud by conduct as well
2) do not withdrawl from daily life
3) emotional and intellectual leaders
4) recite bible passages that evoke emotion
5) self examination by student
6) relevance as alternative to Reform

64
Q

Rabbi Israel Salanter

A 
born 1810 Lithuania
followed rabbi with quality of humility
studied musar 
head of yeshivah in Vilna
musar is Hebrew for ethics
did work on Sabbath (Shabbat) during cholera epidemic
laws of Torah aside to save lives
left Vilna moved to Kovno
transformed into Orthodox community
65
Q

Yom Kippur

A

Day of Atonement

SAlanter said eat anyway (maintain health)

66
Q

chicken farms in South Jersey

A

Hirsch fund established an agricultural school
provided startup money for chicken and egg farmers
in Woodbine and Vineland areas
depression hit
stayed on farms at least you could eat eggs
by 1960s egg prices dropped
corporate agribusiness
left for better homes/ better schools

67
Q

Harold George Belafonte Jr

A 
Jamaican born 1927
actor and social activist
king of calypso
banana boat song
day-o
first black man to win an emmy
"turn the world around"
68
Q

Reform Judaism

A

guiding principle is autonomy of the individual
right to decide whether to subscribe to a relief or a practice
beliefs and practices embodied in Torah
differ from observant Jews ritually
believe evolve to survive
accepts and encourages pluralism not uniformity in practice

69
Q

tikkum olam

A

dedicated to improvement of the world

70
Q

4 types of Judaism

A

Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist or Orthodox

71
Q

K’lal Yisrael

A

worldwide community of Jewry

72
Q

mitzvot

A

sacred and time hallowed acts

73
Q

kosher

A

some animals may not be eaten at all (pig hare)
animals that may be eaten (cloven hoof and chew cud)
yes fins scales
no shellfish
no birds of prey or scavengers
must be killed in accordance with law
blood must be drained out before eaten
certain parts of allowed animals not to be eaten
fruits and veggies yes (must inspect for bugs)
meat can not be eaten with dairy
fruits and veggies not eaten with meat
utensils touch meat cannot touch dairy
grape products made by nonjews may not be eaten

74
Q

orthodox judaism

A

written and oral torah are of divine origin contain exact words of god without any human influence

strictly follow written law of torah

laws concern dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, Sabbath, holidays and more

term only emerged as a result of other branches of Judaism emerging

views itself as continuation of beliefs and practices of normative Judaism from Mt Sinai and successive generations.

modern a bit more liberal and a bit more Zionistic

ultra orthodox critical of modern society

75
Q

13 principles of faith in Orthodox Judaism

A

1) god creator and ruler
2) god is one
3) god does not have a body
4) god is first and last
5) pray only to god
6) words of prophets are true
7) prophecy of moses is true; chief of all prophets
8) torah was given to moses
9) torah will not be changed and there will never be another
10) god knows mans deeds and thoughts
11) god rewards those who keep his commandments and punishes those who do not
12) there is a coming of the Messiah
13) dead will be brought back to life when god wills it

76
Q

conservative judaism

A

roots stretch back to 1880s

call for unity

calls for the whole of Jewish community

also a jewry based on the north American experience

a jewry related to modern living

a jewry devoted to torah with education a priority

a jewry normatively halachic (interwoven between religion and life??)

77
Q

Conservative Judaism maintains

A

writings come from God but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component

believes laws should change and adapt

idea of flexibility

National
1) centrality of modern Israel
2) Hebrew irreplaceable language
3) devotion to the whole Jewish community
Religious
4) defining role of torah in reshaping Judaism
5) study of torah
6) governance of Judaism by Halakhah
overarching
7) belief in God

Two Voices - A Mother and Son Holocaust Survivors (21 decks)

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