Chapter 3 Flashcards
what year did sara go back to Druysk
1924
what did sara do to earn money when she got back to druysk
buying from the Christians and reselling in her small town or the other way around
was there any play
mostly work but there were dances on Saturday night after the SAbbath ended one person played the fiddle
how old was sara when she married
in 1928, when she was 18 she married yosel berkman whom she had known for a long time
what was yosel’s occupation
he was a shoemaker; he made new soles, but his bsiness was not good because the town was so small
what bad habit did yosel have
he liked to smoke but could not afford tobacco so he crushed leaves from the woods and mixed them with tobacco
yosel’s mother name was
shana and she lived with yosel and sara; sara liked her; shana;s husband died young
how many years were yosel and sara married before children
five years. in 1933 they had a son delivered by a midwife but he died shortly after birth; their next son Chaim Hirsch was born in 1941 after they were married 13 years
What year did Hitler come to power
1933; there were rumors about what he was doing to Jews but many did not believe
What was the name of Hitler’s program
Kristallnacht - The November Program of 1938
In 1939 when the Germans attacked Poland
The Soviets soldiers came to Druysk; at that time the Soviets and Germans were allies because of the Nazi Soviet Pact
When was the Nazi Soviet Pact
August 1939 - it was a nonaggression pact and an agreement to partition poland
why did sara not flee east when the soviets came
because one brother and her husband were taken into the army
after her husband was taken into thee army who came back
her sister Frumka Malka walked with her two daughters to Druysk from Vilna because she did not like the communist regime
what was it like under the soviets?
they restricted public religious life, nationalized businesses and organized workers into cooperatives
; some people were even exiled to Siberia BUT the soviets did not persecute the Jews; from 1939 to 1941 the Jews lived peacefully
June 22 1941
6 months after son Chaim Hirsch was born the Germans broke the non aggression pact first attacking Soviet occupied Poland this was known as Operation Barbarossa.
What happened in Druysk after Germans broke pact
the Soviets left ahead of Field Marshal Ernst Busch’s 16th Army’s advance into the Vilna area of Poland
Describe Vilna before and after WWII
before was part of NE Poland, then in 1939 under pact was occupied by Soviets until it was transferred to Lithuania. The population was about 200000 with 55000 Jews included an additional 12000 Jewish refugees entered
Soviet forces occupied Lithuania in 1940 and incorporated Vilna into the Soviet UNion
In June 22 1941 Germany attacked Soviets in Eastern Europe. Germany occupied Vilna … by the end of 1941 40000 Jews in Ponary/Vilna were killed. Not the only place also in Kovno.
Einsatgruppe
German mobile killing units
Jews from France Germany and Austria were brought into Kovno during the occupation and executed in the
Ninth fort
In 1944 the Societs moved into the ghetto which was now known as the
fort of death
the skilled worker prisoners were dispersed and sent to
Estonia to Camp Klooga opened in 1943, some were evacuated as the Soviets approached remaining were shot by the Nazis their bodies were piled, doused with kerosene and lit on fire. 85 of 2400 were still alive when Soviets arrived
from 1941 to 1944 the German occupation of Lithuania resulted in
death of 2.2 million people, destruction of 209 cities/towns, 9200 villages
in three years the germans had murdered what percent of Lithuanian Jews
93% - one of the highest rates in Europe - only a few thousand Lithuanian Jews survived til when Germany was surrendered to the Allies. 195000/208000 killed
