EMT230 Flashcards
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe:
a. acute chest pressure or discomfort that subsides with rest or nitroglycerin
b. a clinical condition in which patients experience chest pain during exertion
c. any group of clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia
d. a sudden cardiac rhythm disturbance that causes a decrease in cardiac output
c. any group of clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia
the left main coronary artery subdivides into the:
a. left anterior descending and ascending arteries
b. left posterior descending and circumflex arteries
c. left anterior descending and circumflex arteries
d. right coronary and left posterior descending arteries
c. left anterior descending and circumflex arteries
the P-R interval (PRI) should be no shorter than ___ seconds and no longer than ___ seconds in duration.
a. 0.14, 0.30
b. 0.16, 0.40
c. 0.12, 0.20
d. 0.18, 0.20
c. 0.12, 0.20
unstable angina:
a. indicated that myocardial necrosis has occurred
b. often awakens the patient from his or her sleep
c. occurs following periods of strenuous exertion
d. is less frequent but is associated with more pain
b. often awakens the patient from his or her sleep
atrial kick is defined as:
a. the volume of blood that the atria contracts into the ventricles
b. an attempt of the atria to contract against closed valves
c. the blood that flows passively into the ventricles
d. pressure on the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction
a. the volume of blood that the atria contracts into the ventricles
TRUE or FALSE: to ensure proper electrolyte distribution and maintain the polarity of the cell membrane, the sodium-potassium pump moves two potassium (K+) ions into the cell for every three sodium (Na+) ions it moves out of the cell.
TRUE
the area of conduction tissue in which electrical activity arises at any given time is called the:
a. sinus node
b. myocyte
c. pacemaker
d. bundle of His
c. pacemaker
sympathetic nerves are regulated primarily by:
a. epinephrine
b. acetylcholine
c. adrenaline
d. norepinephrine
d. norepinephrine
the further removed the conduction tissue is from the sinoatrial node:
a. the slower its intrinsic rate of firing
b. the longer the PRI will be
c. the narrower the QRS will be
d. the faster the intrinsic rate of firing
a. the slower its intrinsic rate of firing
in the context of cardiac compromise, syncope occurs due to:
a. a drop in cerebral perfusion
b. an acute increase in heart rate
c. a sudden cardiac dysrhythmia
d. an increase in vagal tone
a. a drop in cerebral perfusion
a patient asks you about his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). he is 50 y/o and has diabetes, is overweight and smokes. what should the paramedic advise him?
a. his risk cannot be modified because of his hereditary risk factors
b. he can modify his risk by losing weight and not smoking
c. his risk will remain high and modifying his lifestyle will not reduce risk
d. his age and gender raise risk more than lifestyle
b. he can modify his risk by losing weight and not smoking
which statement is true of the coronary arteries?
a. the right coronary artery supplies most of the blood to the heart
b. the coronary arteries run inside the myocardium
c. the coronary arteries begin just above the aortic valve
d. there are three primary coronary arteries
c. the coronary arteries begin just above the aortic valve
of what branch is the circumflex artery?
a. LCA
b. LAD
c. RCA
d. RMA
a. LCA
in the event of a coronary artery blockage, how could the muscle of the hear still received blood?
a. anastomoses
b. arota
c. vasoconstriction
d. coronary veins
a. anastomoses
the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circulation and the ____.
a. left ventricle
b. coronary vein
c. pulmonary arteries
d. pulmonary veins
b. coronary vein
what is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
a. tricuspid valve
b. mitral valve
c. semilunar valve
d. pulmonic valve
a. tricuspid valve
what term describes relaxation of the heart?
a. systole
b. diastole
c. refractory period
d. propagation
b. diastole
stroke volume depends on preload, afterload, and ____.
a. blood pressure
b. vascular resistance
c. heart rate
d. myocardial contractility
d. myocardial contractility
what is Starling’s law?
a. HR increases as O2 demands increase
b. myocardial fibers contract more forcefully when they are stretched
c. afterload increase with increased BP
d. stroke volume decreases when the preload decreases
b. myocardial fibers contract more forcefully when they are stretched
what is the most important factor in determining stroke volume (SV) in a health heart?
a. preload
b. afterload
c. heart rate
d. myocardial contractility
a. preload
what does an increase in peripheral vascular resistance cause?
a. increased SV
b. decreased SV
c. only minimally affects SV
d. doubles the SV
b. decreased SV
complete the equation:
Cardiac Output = __ x __
a. stroke volume, heart rate
b. preload, heart rate
c. stroke volume, afterload
d. preload, afterload
a. stroke volume, heart rate (CO = SV x HR)
the RCA and the LAD supply most of the blood to what part of the cardiac muscle?
a. septum
b. left atrium
c. lateral left ventricle
d. right atrium and ventricle
d. right atrium and ventricle
the circumflex branch of the LCA mainly supplies blood to what part of the cardiac muscle?
a. septum
b. left atrium
c. lateral left ventricle
d. intrinsic pacemakers
b. left atrium
the LAD mainly supplies blood to what part of the cardiac muscle?
a. septum
b. left atrium
c. lateral right ventricle
d. intrinsic pacemakers
a. septum
how is preload defined?
a. ventricular end-diastolic volume
b. ventricular pre-diastolic volume
c. atrial end-diastolic volume
d. atrial pre-diastolic volume
a. ventricular end-diastolic volume
what is the group of nerves that innervates the atria and ventricle known as?
a. branchial plexus
b. aortic plexus
c. cardiac plexus
d. carotid plexus
c. cardiac plexus
what is the major neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic system?
a. norepinephrine
b. epinephrine
c. dopamine
d. acetylcholine
d. acetylcholine
what of these nerve fibers mainly innervate the ventricles of the heart?
a. parasympathetic
b. sympathetic
c. somatic
d. efferent
b. sympathetic
what is the parasympathetic control of the heart provided by?
a. subclavian nerve
b. fourth cranial nerve
c. phrenic nerve
d. vagus nerve
d. vagus nerve
the resting membrane potential is determined primarily by the difference between the intracellular potassium ion level and what ion level?
a. extracellular potassium
b. intracellular sodium
c. extracellular magnesium
d. intracellular calcium
a. extracellular potassium
when depolarization takes places, what action occurs?
a. magnesium ions rush into the cell
b. sodium ions rush into the cell
c. potassium ions rush out of the cell
d. calcium ions rush out of the cell
b. sodium ions rush into the cell
what is the movement function of the sodium-potassium pump?
a. sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell
b. potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell
c. sodium and potassium ions into the cell
d. sodium and potassium ions out of the cell
b. potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell
Phase I of the action potential represents what period?
a. rapid depolarization
b. early rapid repolarization
c. plateau
d. rest between action potentials
b. early rapid repolarization
what occurs during the period between action potentials?
a. the inside of the cell is positive in relation to the outside of the cell
b. there is excessive sodium in the cell
c. there is excessive potassium in the cell
d. pacemaker cells are rapidly repolarizing
b. there is excessive sodium in the cell
the AV junction is formed by the AV node and what other part of the cardiovascular electrical system?
a. SA node
b. right ventricle
c. Bundle of His
d. left bundle branch
c. Bundle of His
TRUE or FALSE:
the dominant pacemaker of the heart is the AV node
FALSE.
the sinoatrial (SA) node is the dominant pacemaker (60-100 bpm).
the atrioventricular AV node/junction is a backup pacemaker (40-60 bpm).
how does acetylcholine affect the heart?
a. increasing heart rate
b. decreasing heart rate
c. increasing contractility
d. decreasing contractility
b. decreasing heart rate
what is the activation of myocardial tissue more than one time by the same impulse called?
a. automaticity
b. excitability
c. doubling
d. reentry
d. reentry
which is a bipolar lead?
a. V1
b. aVF
c. aVR
d. Lead II
d. Lead II
in lead II ECG placement, where is the positive lead located?
a. left arm
b. left leg
c. right shoulder
d. right leg
b. left leg
a paramedic places 10 leads: 4 on the limbs and 6 on the chest. what type of ECG is this?
a. standard 3 lead
b. 10-lead
c. 12-lead
d. modified
c. 12-lead
which lead is placed at the 4th intercostal space just to the right of the sternum?
a. V1
b. V2
c. V3
d. V4
a. V1
what kind of leads are Lead II and Lead III?
a. inferior
b. superior
c. lateral
d. precordial
a. inferior
what does each small block represent on standard ECG paper?
a. 0.01 second
b. 0.04 second
c. 0.10 second
d. 0.20 second
b. 0.04 second
each small square of ECG graph paper represents __ mV
a. 0.001
b. 0.01
c. 0.1
d. 1
c. 0.1
each square on ECG paper is ____ in height and width
a. 1 mm
b. 1 cm
c. 2 mm
d. 2 cm
a. 1 mm
in a 12-lead ECG, what cardiac position are the leads V1 and V2?
a. anterior
b. inferior
c. septal
d. lateral
c. septal
__ second is measured in each large box of ECG graph paper
a. 0.01
b. 0.04
c. 0.10
d. 0.20
d. 0.20
what statement best describes the triplicate method of determining heart rate?
a. most accurate for children
b. accurate when the heart rhythm is regular and > 50 bpm
c. used when the HR is irregular
d. preferred for patients with rapid ventricular rhythms
b. accurate when the hear rhythm is regular and > 50 bpm
when analyzing an ECG tracing, you notice the rhythm is highly irregular. what is the best method to calculate rate?
a. triplicate method
b. R-R method
c. six-second count method
d. caliper method
c. six-second couth method
what can an ECG help determine?
a. whether there is ischemic cardiac muscle
b. the force of contractions
c. the quality of the patient’s pulse
d. a range of expected blood pressures
a. whether there is ischemic cardiac muscle
Lead I looks at the heart from what view?
a. inferior
b. superior
c. lateral
d. anterior
c. lateral
what is the first upward deflection on an ECG tracing?
a. A wave
b. P wave
c. Q wave
d. T wave
b. P wave
the PRI represents the time that it takes an electrical impulse to do which action
a. generate ventricular response
b. be formed in the SA node
c. travel through the Purkinje fibers
d. be conducted through the atria and AV node
d. be conducted through the atria and the AV node
the duration of the QRS complex be should be __ second
a. 0.01 to 0.04
b. 0.04 to 0.20
c. 0.08 to 0.10
d. 0.08 to 0.20
c. 0.08 to 0.10
while analyzing an ECG, you cannot identify a Q wave. what does this most likely indicate?
a. the patient’s heart is ischemic
b. the Q wave may not be visible in the lead you are viewing
c. the patient has previously had an MI
d. the electrodes are placed incorrectly
b. the Q wave may not be visible in the lead you are viewing
what does the ST segment reflect?
a. early repolarization of the ventricles
b. time delay for the depolarization of the ventricles
c. absolute refractory period for the ventricles
d. time of ventricular contraction
a. early repolarization of the ventricles
what lead is routinely used for monitoring dysrhythmias?
a. Lead I
b. Lead II
c. aVL
d. V2
b. Lead II
what is a characteristic of NSR?
a. electrical impulse originates from the SA node
b. Purkinje fibers delay electrical transmission
c. PRI is > 0.24 second
d. QRS is > 0.18 second
a. electrical impulse originates from the SA node
ECG analysis reveals that each P wave in the tracing has different shape. the heart rate is 80. what rhythm should the paramedic suspect?
a. P-P morphology
b. wandering pacemaker
c. sinus arrhythmia
d. Type II AV block
b. wandering pacemaker
you see an irregular rhythm on the monitor with a rate of 66 to 80, a normal PRI, and P wave for every QRS. the rate speeds up and slows down with the patient’s RR.
a. afib with controlled response
b. atrial flutter with controlled response
c. sinus rhythm with frequent PVCs
d. sinus dysrhythmia
d. sinus dysrhythmia
what is the most likely cause of atrial flutter?
a. hyperexcitability syndrome
b. rapid reentry
c. enhanced conduction channels
d. ectopic atrial pacemakers
b. rapid reentry