EMS research Flashcards
1) ________ describes phenomena in numbers.
A) Prospective research
B) Qualitative research
C) Mixed research
D) Quantitative research
quantitative research
2) Which type of research can help determine whether a procedure, drug, treatment, or similar strategy actually improves patient outcomes?
A) Bench
B) Outcomes-based
C) Mixed
D) Qualitative
outcomes based
3) The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is the:
A) controller.
B) institutional review foreman.
C) principal investigator.
D) abstract editor.
principal investigator
4) The difference between mean and median is which of the following?
A) Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.
B) Mean is a representation of the standard deviation within a study, and median is the value of the variance.
C) Median is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.
D) Mean is the value of the variance within a study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.
mean is calculated by adding values then dividing the sum by the numbers of values involved: median is calculated by putting the numbers in numerical order and finding the middle value
5) A group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable is called the:
A) subject group.
B) experimental group.
C) treatment group.
D) control group.
control group
6) The acronym ANOVA stands for:
A) an over-variable analog.
B) a novel analysis.
C) analysis of variance.
D) abstract null overaction.
analysis of variance
7) A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called the:
A) hypothesis.
B) experiment.
C) meta-analysis.
D) odds ratio.
hypothesis
8) How well a study supports the conclusions is referred to as:
A) variance.
B) validity.
C) bias.
D) ordinal data.
validity
9) A type of study that does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group is:
A) quasi-experimental.
B) cross-sectional.
C) double blind
D) single blind.
double blind
10) The statistic that reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is TRUE is the:
A) nominal data.
B) P value.
C) chi square test.
D) t test.
p value
11) Which of the following is a common measure of dispersion?
A) Standard deviation
B) Confidence interval
C) Inferential statistics
D) Ordinal data
standard deviation
12) The process by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary is the:
A) case series.
B) random sampling.
C) iterative process.
D) scientific method.
scientific method
13) The ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study, the research methods used, and the results encountered.
A) abstract
B) mode
C) hypothesis
D) parameter
abstract
14) What is the first step of the scientific method?
A) Observe and ask questions.
B) Construct a hypothesis.
C) Conduct research and collect data.
D) Test the hypothesis.
observe and ask questions
15) Where are the results of a scientific study published, regardless of the outcome of the study?
A) In a medical director paper
B) In an EMS trade magazine
C) In a university-based magazine
D) In a peer-reviewed journal
in a peer reviewed journal
16) What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
A) Quantitative research uses a control group; qualitative research does not use a control group.
B) Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.
C) Quantitative research does not use a control group; qualitative research does use a control group.
D) Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.
quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on the collection of non numeric data
17) When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective study, which of the following is a TRUE statement?
A) Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies.
B) There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies.
C) Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.
D) Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study.
prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies
18) In a(n) ________ study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies.
A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) observational
D) retrospective
experimental
19) In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a result, a(n) ________ study must be done.
A) observational
B) quasi-experimental
C) retrospective
D) prospective
observational
20) The most valid of all the specific study types is:
A) cross-sectional study.
B) meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
C) expert opinions, editorials, rational conjecture.
D) In vivo research.
meta analysis and randomized controlled trials
21) This type of study has less validity than an RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different.
A) Cohort study
B) Nonrandomized controlled trial
C) Cross-sectional study
D) Case series
non randomized controlled trials
22) The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call “normally distributed.” This means:
A) if you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve.
B) values are placed into numerical order, and the middle value is determined.
C) the data falls within the “fiftieth percentile.”
D) the distribution of a group is how spread out it is, or how dispersed the data are.
if you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve
23) ________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results.
A) Measures of central tendency
B) Standard deviations
C) Qualitative statistics
D) Confidence intervals
confidence intervals
24) Which section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the study, including what population they wished to study, how subjects were selected (and excluded), and what intervention was performed?
A) Introduction
B) Discussion
C) Methods
D) Results
methods
