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fundamentals > EMS research > Flashcards

EMS research Flashcards

1
Q

1) ________ describes phenomena in numbers.

A) Prospective research

B) Qualitative research

C) Mixed research

D) Quantitative research

A

quantitative research

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2
Q

2) Which type of research can help determine whether a procedure, drug, treatment, or similar strategy actually improves patient outcomes?

A) Bench

B) Outcomes-based

C) Mixed

D) Qualitative

A

outcomes based

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3
Q

3) The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is the:

A) controller.

B) institutional review foreman.

C) principal investigator.

D) abstract editor.

A

principal investigator

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4
Q

4) The difference between mean and median is which of the following?

A) Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.

B) Mean is a representation of the standard deviation within a study, and median is the value of the variance.

C) Median is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.

D) Mean is the value of the variance within a study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.

A

mean is calculated by adding values then dividing the sum by the numbers of values involved: median is calculated by putting the numbers in numerical order and finding the middle value

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5
Q

5) A group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable is called the:

A) subject group.

B) experimental group.

C) treatment group.

D) control group.

A

control group

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6
Q

6) The acronym ANOVA stands for:

A) an over-variable analog.

B) a novel analysis.

C) analysis of variance.

D) abstract null overaction.

A

analysis of variance

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7
Q

7) A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called the:

A) hypothesis.

B) experiment.

C) meta-analysis.

D) odds ratio.

A

hypothesis

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8
Q

8) How well a study supports the conclusions is referred to as:

A) variance.

B) validity.

C) bias.

D) ordinal data.

A

validity

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9
Q

9) A type of study that does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group is:

A) quasi-experimental.

B) cross-sectional.

C) double blind

D) single blind.

A

double blind

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10
Q

10) The statistic that reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is TRUE is the:

A) nominal data.

B) P value.

C) chi square test.

D) t test.

A

p value

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11
Q

11) Which of the following is a common measure of dispersion?

A) Standard deviation

B) Confidence interval

C) Inferential statistics

D) Ordinal data

A

standard deviation

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12
Q

12) The process by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary is the:

A) case series.

B) random sampling.

C) iterative process.

D) scientific method.

A

scientific method

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13
Q

13) The ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study, the research methods used, and the results encountered.

A) abstract

B) mode

C) hypothesis

D) parameter

A

abstract

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14
Q

14) What is the first step of the scientific method?

A) Observe and ask questions.

B) Construct a hypothesis.

C) Conduct research and collect data.

D) Test the hypothesis.

A

observe and ask questions

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15
Q

15) Where are the results of a scientific study published, regardless of the outcome of the study?

A) In a medical director paper

B) In an EMS trade magazine

C) In a university-based magazine

D) In a peer-reviewed journal

A

in a peer reviewed journal

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16
Q

16) What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

A) Quantitative research uses a control group; qualitative research does not use a control group.

B) Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

C) Quantitative research does not use a control group; qualitative research does use a control group.

D) Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

A

quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on the collection of non numeric data

17
Q

17) When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective study, which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A) Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies.

B) There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies.

C) Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.

D) Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study.

A

prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies

18
Q

18) In a(n) ________ study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies.

A) experimental

B) quasi-experimental

C) observational

D) retrospective

A

experimental

19
Q

19) In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a result, a(n) ________ study must be done.

A) observational

B) quasi-experimental

C) retrospective

D) prospective

A

observational

20
Q

20) The most valid of all the specific study types is:

A) cross-sectional study.

B) meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

C) expert opinions, editorials, rational conjecture.

D) In vivo research.

A

meta analysis and randomized controlled trials

21
Q

21) This type of study has less validity than an RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different.

A) Cohort study

B) Nonrandomized controlled trial

C) Cross-sectional study

D) Case series

A

non randomized controlled trials

22
Q

22) The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call “normally distributed.” This means:

A) if you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve.

B) values are placed into numerical order, and the middle value is determined.

C) the data falls within the “fiftieth percentile.”

D) the distribution of a group is how spread out it is, or how dispersed the data are.

A

if you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve

23
Q

23) ________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results.

A) Measures of central tendency

B) Standard deviations

C) Qualitative statistics

D) Confidence intervals

A

confidence intervals

24
Q

24) Which section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the study, including what population they wished to study, how subjects were selected (and excluded), and what intervention was performed?

A) Introduction

B) Discussion

C) Methods

D) Results

A

methods

25
Q

25) The ________ section of a research paper is where the authors interpret their findings and describe their significance.

A) summary

B) results

C) methods

D) discussion

A

discussion

26
Q

26) The first thing to appear after the title and names of the authors of a research paper is the:

A) introduction.

B) summary.

C) abstract.

D) results.

A

abstract

27
Q

27) All of the following are questions to ask when reviewing a study, EXCEPT:

A) Was the study type appropriate?

B) Was the research peer reviewed?

C) Were the results reported properly?

D) What control group were the researchers studying?

A

what control group were the researchers studying

28
Q

28) What type of confidence interval would be appropriate for a research study that is potentially going to change EMS practice?

A) 80 percent

B) 85 percent

C) 90 percent

D) 95 percent

A

95

29
Q

29) A ________ is undertaken first to find unforeseen obstacles to data gathering during participation in a research study.

A) null hypothesis

B) pilot trial

C) principal investigation

D) data analysis

A

pilot trial

30
Q

30) Telling participants the inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling patients in the study, the effect of the study on patient care in general, and the risks and potential benefits to patients in the study helps to:

A) gain informed consent.

B) get EMS concessions.

C) identify the PI.

D) determine how to publish.

A

gain informed consent

31
Q

31) Which of these is an EMS technique that has been proven through research to be less effective than once thought?

A) tiered response

B) modified Valsalva maneuver

C) endotracheal intubation

D) evidence-based practice

A

endotracheal intubation

32
Q

32) Which of these conclusions did the 2001 National EMS Research Agenda NOT reach?

A) Develop a cadre of EMS researchers and support them early in their careers.

B) Publicize research that supports the consensus of EMS medical directors.

C) Establish an alternate funding source for EMS research outside of government.

D) View research as necessary for the improvement of patient care.

A

publicize research that supports the consensus of EMS medical directors

33
Q

33) Which of these is not necessarily a step EMS providers should take when conducting a research study?

A) Implement a cohort study model.

B) Determine how to obtain informed consent from study subjects.

C) Prepare a null hypothesis and research hypothesis.

D) Define the population to be studied.

A

implement a cohort study model

fundamentals (11 decks)

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