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Block 5 Week 5 Dani > Emotions Dr. Piasecki > Flashcards

Emotions Dr. Piasecki Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we find emotions?

A

in the amygdala

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2
Q

What is a major structure leading to patterns of physiological change which pause when emotions occur?

A

amygdala

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3
Q

How come we can have an emotion reaction/response before we’re aware of what’s going on?

A

becuas their is a connection to the thalamus to cortex to amydala

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4
Q

The innermost part of the brain is about (blank)

A

survival

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5
Q

What do emotions do for us?

A

help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

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6
Q

The voluntary smile is driven by?

A

motor cortex, pyramidal tracts

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7
Q

What is the involuntary smile driven by?

A

motor areas in ant cingulte, extrapyramidal, reticular activating system

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8
Q

What is your emotional response driven by?

A

subjective

autonomic

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9
Q

What parts of your brain contribute to your emotional response?

A

structures

pathways

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10
Q

what is the emotional motor system?

A

subective experience-> visceral and somatic motor response

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11
Q

What is a primary emotion experienced by all social animals that creates a visceral motor and somatic motor response?

A

fear

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12
Q

How do you measure fear in animals?

A 
heart rate and blood pressure
salivation
respiratory rate
scanning
startle
urination/defecation
freezing
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13
Q

What is the brains shortcut for emotions?

A

it can directly hit up the amygdala from the thalamus and bypass the visual cortex

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14
Q

how do humans respond to fear?

A 
heart pounding or racing
dry mouth
pale skin
respiratory rate
hypervigilance
increased startle
urination/diarrhea
apprehensive expectation
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15
Q

What are the brain structures that mediate emotion?

A 
hypothalamus
limbic system (limbic cortex, amygdala)
brainstem
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex
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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus function in?

A

light dark cycle
temperature regulation
neuroendocrine
integral in emotion and sexual behaviors

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17
Q

What do the removal of the cerebral hemispheres show?

A

showed that the hypothalamus integrated emotions and behaviors

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18
Q

What kind of emotion is experienced with ablation of just the cerebral hemispheres? Of the cerebral hemispheres AND the hypothalamus?

A

rage, attack with just the hemispheres

Docility with the hemispheres and hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the the route information takes to go through the hypothalamus?

A

input form cortex (relatively unprocessed)

output to brainstem’s reticular formation

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20
Q

What is the link between higher cortical activity and the “lower” systems that control emotional behavior?

A

limbic system

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21
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A

the limbic lobe and deep lying structures (amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary bodies)

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22
Q

What are considered the deep lying structures of the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary bodies

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23
Q

What allows you to have the duchenne smile?

A

cingulate gyrus

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24
Q

What is this:

primitive cortical tissue with a cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

A

limbic lobe

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25
Q

Where is the limbic lobe located?

A

encircles the upper brain stem (around corpus callosum)

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26
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

integrates info about emotional content from cortical association areas

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27
Q

What happens if you remove an aggressive monkeys amygdala?

A

they become docile, horny and compulsive

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28
Q

What is kluver bucy syndrome?

A

it is severe temporal lobe damage, specifically to the AMYGDALA that results in visual agnosia, apathy/placidity, disturbance in sexual function, dementia, aphasia, amnesia

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29
Q

What are these a part of
orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC)
nucleus of thalamus
amygdala

A

limbic structure

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30
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

a nuclear mass

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31
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

buried in the white matter of the temporal lobe, in front of the hippocampus

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32
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

connects to olfactory bulb
cerebral cortex (frontal and association areas of temporal lobe)
brainstem and hypothalamus

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33
Q

What is considered the “emotional association area”?

A

amygdala

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34
Q

What links the cortical areas the process sensory info to hypothalamus and brainstem effector systems?

A

amygdala

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35
Q

What allows for emotional learning?

A

amygdala (associative learning)

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36
Q

How can you abolish fear response?

A

remove on amygdala and block visual information from the eye on that side

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37
Q

What kind of conditioning is this:

pair tone and foot shock, then tone alone ellicits fear and increased BP and freezing.

A

associative learning fear response

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38
Q

What happens if you infuse NMDA antagonist (preventing LTP) into amygdala during learning?

A

prevents facilitated learning and long term potentiation

39
Q

What happens to fear response if connection between medial geniculate and amygdala are severed prior to learning?

A

you dont get it

40
Q

What can damage to the amygdala case?

A

messed up adaptive responses
asymmetric responses
non adaptive responses

41
Q

What are the non-adaptive responses?

A

overactive learned fear response:

PTSD, Depression, Phobias

42
Q

Why does the amydala give you pleasure?

A

gives emotional coloring of environment
learned rewards (anticipation of pleasure)
place for drug abuse
gives you emotional significance of environment (adapt, size, reproduce)

43
Q

natural rewards elevate (blank)

A

dopamine

44
Q

What is the neurological basis for pleasure? How does this relate to addiction?

A

nucleus accumbens

raises your dopamine levels hugely

45
Q

What gives the highest release of dopamine?

A

amphetamines

46
Q

What gives you the longest release of dopamine?

A

cocaine

47
Q

What gives you varying amounts of dopamine release with different amounts of consumption, but begins to lessen the amount of release after a certain amount of conusmption.

A

ethanol

48
Q

What happens after you stop taking cocaine

A

your dopamine levels fall below normal :(

49
Q

What do drugs do to your brain?

A

it rewires them

50
Q

(blank) may experience a powerful urger to use when they encounter environmental cues associated with use. (blank) regions of the brain are activated when watching cocaine-related videos.

A

cocaine abusers

limbic

51
Q

Where do psychopaths have changes in their brain?

A

in the amygdala

52
Q

How does the orbitofrontal cortex regulate emotion?

A

the posterior frontal lobe mediates aggression and emotional responsiveness

53
Q

What happens if you have damage to the posterior frontal lobe?

A

disinhibition

54
Q

Lesion input from amygdala results in what?

A

decreased rage from disappointed primates

55
Q

What are 2 amydala abnormalities?

A

kluver-bucy

urbach-wiethe

56
Q 
What are these:
frontal lobe injuries
temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)
amydala abnormalities
lobotomy
stroke
A

Structural brain disorders

57
Q

What are the symptoms of kluver bucy syndrome?

A

agnosia, apathy
disturbed sexual behavior
dementia, aphasia, amnesia

58
Q

What are causes of Kluver Budy Syndrome?

A

tumors, trauma, herpes, surgery

59
Q

What is this:
a rare genetic disease
bilateral calcification and atrophy of anterior temporal lobes
unable to identify fear from photos

A

Urbach-Wiethe

60
Q

What do you call it when you separate the tracts from orbitofrontal cortex to amygdala?

A

lobotomy

61
Q

Is there lateralization of emotions?

A

yes

62
Q

What does the right hemisphere do?

A

expession and comprehension of emotional (affective) content

63
Q

Which ear/hemifield is better at detecting emotional nuances of speech/ images
and which side of the face may be more expressive of emotion

A

the left side

64
Q

What side of the brain does this:
The understanding and expression of affective (mood) components to speech
Relatively more L facial emotional expression

A

R hemisphere

65
Q

What happens if you damage the right hemisphere?

A

aprosody
unable to read emotional coloring of speech
all speech becomes email like

66
Q

What side of the brain is affected if you get aphasia?

A

left hemisphere

67
Q

What is this:
poor comprehension of words
still understand emotional content
clinical situations

A

aphasia

68
Q

What are the hemispheric contributions to mood?

A

Left-> positive emotions

Right-> negative emotions

69
Q

So if you damage the left anterior side of your brain what will your mood be like?
If you damage the right anterior side of your brain what will your mood be like?

A

depressed

elevated mood

70
Q

Depression more than (blank) the likelihood of dying in the 10 years after a stroke/

A

triples (treatment with antidepressants may improve survival)

71
Q

Nevada rate for elderly suicide is (blank) percent of national average

A

300%

72
Q

Is there a genetic component in depression?

A

yes

73
Q

What is the number 2 disabling diseases of westernized countries?

A

severe depressed mood and impaired functioning

74
Q

What is the definition of depression?

A

5 or more symptoms of 2+ weeks
(depressed mood, decreased energy, sleep and appetite changes, memory/concentration changes, thought of death/suicide, guilt, decreased interests, tearfulness)

75
Q

What is the cause of depression?

A

neurotransmitter
structural
functional

76
Q

What happens to your blood flow in depression?

A

in increases to the amygdala (correlates with severity of depression)

77
Q

What moderates negative emotional output fo amygdala?

A

left prefrontal cortex

78
Q

If your left prefrontal cortex fails what can you get?

A

depression

79
Q

What happens if you have a left prefrontal cortex?

A

“Peppy” L PFC: extraversion
Levels of cortisol are lower
Less reactive to stressors
Individual differences measured in infants, adults

80
Q

What happens if you have a low level of L PFC function?

A

You will be sad

81
Q

What am I talking about:
Smaller volume of ventral anterior cingulate in depressed patients (40% smaller) on PET scans with less blood flow
Blood flow normalizes with treatment of depression
Smaller volume may be related to loss of glial cells
cell loss from toxic cortisol levels secondary to stress

A

characteristics of the left prefrontal cortex in depressed pt’s

82
Q

Animals experiencing repeat stress can result in shrinking of (blank)

A

hippocampus

83
Q

(blank) may shrink in people with recurrent depression

A

hippocampus

84
Q

hippocampal cell loss may lead to (blank) decline

A

cognitive

85
Q

Since you can get hippocampul degeneration which will result in depression, how can you get get this dysregulation?

A

following significant childhood adversity or long term excess cortisol exposure

86
Q

Stress decreased (blank) in hippocampus (could contribute to atrophy and decreased functioning of neurons)

A

BDNF

87
Q

emotional responses mediated by (blank) and (Blank)

A

hypothalamus and limbic structures

88
Q

(blank) may lead to disturbed behaviors and emotions

A

injuries

89
Q

Depression and addiction are (blank) diseases

A

brain

90
Q

Environment interacts with (blank)

A

genome

91
Q

What all makes up the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens

92
Q

T/F: more empathic doctors are more effective, allowing patients to heal faster, become more adherent, and increase the effectiveness of substance abuse therapy

A

T

93
Q

T/F: Student levels of empathy have been proven to fall as they pass through medical school

A

T

Block 5 Week 5 Dani (9 decks)

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