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Block 5 Week 5 Dani > Anatomy-Larynx, Nasal cavity w/ sinuses > Flashcards

Anatomy-Larynx, Nasal cavity w/ sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the opening to the larynx?

A

the aditus

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2
Q

What is the opening from the aditus to the vestibular folds?

A

vestibule

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3
Q

What is between the true and false vocal fold?

A

ventricle

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4
Q

What is below the true vocal folds?

A

infraglottic cavity

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5
Q

From the epiglottis to top fo crichoid cartilage is the (blank)

A

aditus

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6
Q

Will the aditus change size with swallowing?

A

yes

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7
Q

What is another name for the vestibular fold?

A

false vocal cord

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8
Q

What is the ventricle important for?

A

phonation

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9
Q

Does anythin contract the vocal folds?

A

no, the vibration of the vocal folds is caused by air moving past them (like a bassoon reed)

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10
Q

The area below vocal folds is the infraglottic cavity which takes you to the caudel end of the (Blank).

A

criocartilage

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11
Q

What is below the infraglottic cavity?

A

tracheal rings

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12
Q

What is the space between the epiglottis and the tongue?

A

valleculus

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13
Q

there is a very large cartilagenous mass called the (blank) which is a 2/3rd shield that is open (anteriorly/posteriorly)

A

thryoid cartilage

posteriorly

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14
Q

Which is more superior, the thryoid cartilage or cricoid cartilage?

A

thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

What is on top of the cricoid cartilage?

A

muscular process, arytenoids, vocal process

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16
Q

The vocal process has a (blank) that attaches between the vocal process and the anterior border of the thyroidcartilage.

A

ligament

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17
Q

Wat makes up a good part of the true vocal cords?

A

the vocal ligament

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18
Q

What does the muscular process do?

A

it has muscles attached to it which allows for the opening and closing of the vocal cords

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19
Q

Describe the orientation of the cricoid cartilage?

A

it is a complete ring with the posterior part being taller than the anterior part

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20
Q

What is between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?

A

cricothyroid membrane

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21
Q

What is the core of the cricothyroid membrane made up of? What do the free edges of the cricothyroid membrane make up?

A

has an elastic core

part of the vocal ligament

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22
Q

Why type of joint is the cricoarytenoid joint and cricothyroid joint?

A

multiaxial synovial joint

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23
Q

What is the hole in the thyrohyoid membrane for?

A

it allows for the passageof the internal branch of the superior pharyngeal branch of the vagus

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24
Q

If you rock the cricocartilage forward towards the thyrocartilage,what will happen to the vocal ligament?

A

it will get tight

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25
Q

Who has a shorter vocal ligament, men or women?

A

women duhh

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26
Q

Insie the larynx there is a membranous mucous lining membrane that is called the (blank). This runs between the lateral aspect of the epiglotti and the arytenoid cartilage.

A

quadrangular membrane

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27
Q

What does the quadrangular membrane function in?

A

keep food from going into the aditus

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28
Q

What contains the cuneiform cartilage?

A

quadrangular membrane

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29
Q

What makes up the true vocal fold?

A

the conus elasticus

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30
Q

What makes up the false vocal fold?

A

the quadrangular membrane

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31
Q

The conus elasticus is a continuation of what membrane?

A

the cricothyroid membrane

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32
Q

What kind of effect does the quadrangular space have on the aditus?

A

purse string effect

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33
Q

What comes up between the cricocartilage and the thyroidcartilage?

A

the conus elasticus

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34
Q

Which is higher, the false or the true vocal cord?

A

the false vocal cord

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35
Q

What all does the free edge of the conus elasticus make?

A

true vocal fold and vocal ligament

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36
Q

The (blank) is the vocal fold plus the slit (rima glottidis) between the two folds.

A

glottis

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37
Q

What are all the structures that you find in the posterior side of the esophagus?

A 
epiglottis
aryepiglottic fold
cuneiform tubercle
corniculate tubercle
arytenoideus
lamina of cricoid cartilage
(in order superior to inferior)
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38
Q

What are the structures you find in the anterior aspect of the esophagus?

A 
vestibular fold
ventricl
vocal fold
thryoid cartilage
arch of cricoid cartilage
(in order superior to inferior)
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39
Q

What kind of joint is the cricothyroid joint?

A

synovial joint

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40
Q

the movement of the cricothyroid joint occurs around what axis?

A

transverse axis

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41
Q

What does the cricothyroid joint articulate with?

A

the inferior cornu of thyroid and the cricoid cartilage

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42
Q

What is the only muscle not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

the cricothyoid muscle (innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus)

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43
Q

What does the cricothyroid muscle do?

A

tilts thyroid cartilage forward and allows for rocking, tension and elongation of vocal folds/cords

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44
Q

What is the only tensor muscle of the larynxand is a major rocker?

A

cricothyroid muscle

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45
Q

What kind of movement do you get around the cirocarytenoid joint?

A

abduction/adduction over a vertical or horizontal axis

with rotation or gliding

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46
Q

When you contract your cricothyroid what happens to your arytenoids and the vocal ligmanets?

A

they arytenoids go posteriorly and the vocal ligaments get stretched (adds tension)

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47
Q

What happens of your lose your recurrrent laryngeal nerve?

A

you will have a cricothyroid that will just cause tension and adduct your vocal ligaments (you lose your voice)

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48
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles do?

A

abduction of the vocal folds

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49
Q

What does the lateral circoarytenoid muscle do?

A

adduction of the vocal folds

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50
Q

What 2 muscles go in between the arytenoid cartilages?

A

the transverse and oblique arytenoids

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51
Q

What does the tranveres and obliqe arytenoids do?

A

adduct the vocal folds

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52
Q

What is a muscle that relaxes the vocal folds?

A

thyroarytenoids

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53
Q

What are the 2 mucles of the laryngeal inlet and what do they do?

A

purse string muscles that form thin muscle mass in the aryepiglottic fold made up of the quadrangular membrane

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54
Q

When what two muscles contract, will they pull in the walls of the aryepiglottic folds to decrease the size of the laryneal aditus?

A

aryepiglotics and thyroepiglottic muscles

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55
Q

What muscle is important for determining pitch?

A

the vocalis muscle

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56
Q

All the vocal cord movers are adducotrs in some form except for the (blank)

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

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57
Q

All of the muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the (blank) which is by the (blank)

A

circothyroid (main tensor)

external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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58
Q

If something gets into the additus what is the reflex on?

A

in on 10 out on 10 and phrenic

59
Q

all intrinisc muscles of the larynx are innervated by the (blank) except the criothyroid via the superior laryngeal

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

60
Q

What gives sensory innervation above the vocal folds?

A

the superior laryngeal nerve

61
Q

What gives sensory innervation below the vocal folds?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

62
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal artery come from?

A

the superior thyroid artery

63
Q

Where does the inferior laryneal artery come from?

A

the inferior thryoid off the thyrocervical trunk

64
Q

What artery follows the inferior laryngeal nerve?

A

the inferior laryngeal artery

65
Q

What all does swallowing involve?

A

tongue, supra and infrahyoid muscles, organized contraction of pharyngeal constrictors

66
Q

What happens when a bolus of food enters the throat?

A

the bolus pushes the the tongue posteriorly and deflects the epiglottis and will then run into the piriform recesses (epiglottis and piriform recesss help prevent food from entering the trachea)

67
Q

On an MRI, how can you tell the difference between the pharynx and larynx?

A

the larynx is longer vertically and the pharynx is longer horizontal (pharynx is fat)

68
Q

Developmental stages of nasal cavity include a period when it is continuous with the (blank)

A

oral cavity

69
Q

the nasal prominence and olfactory placode form the nasal and oral cavity. What causes the induction of the nasal (olfactory) placode (blank)

A

forebrain

70
Q

The oral cavity and the nasal cavity are contiguous and then we have to develop a hard and soft palate to divide two attachments from each other. the division of ths hard and soft palate is the critical development of the (blank)

A

face

71
Q

How many prominences does the face develop from?

A

5 prominences (4 paired and 1 unpaired)

72
Q

What are all the prominences and which is unpaired?

A

o Frontal – unpaired
o Medial and lateral nasal prominences (paired)
o Maxillary prominence (paired)
o Mandibular prominence (paired)

73
Q

What is the prominence that is most important for normal facial development?

A

nasal (medial and lateral) and maxillary prominences and the frontonasal prominence

74
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A

improper fusion of facial prominences

75
Q

What is created by the growing together of the medial nasal prominences?

A

the philtrum of the upper lip, the incisor portion of the upper jaw, trianular primary palate back to incisive canal

76
Q

Where will you most likely get a cleft palate problem?

A

with the upper prominance

77
Q

What does the maxillary prominence fuse with?

A

the medial nasal prominence and lateral nasal prominence

78
Q

What becomes the nostrils?

A

the frontonasal prominence

79
Q

What will the medial nasal prominence become? What might a deformation cause here?

A

the bridge of the nose and the nostril flares (ala)

Brain damage

80
Q

What will the maxillary promience become?

A

part of upper lip and bulk of palatine shelves that make up hard palate

81
Q

If the maxillary and lateral dont fuse properly what kind of cleft palate can you get?

A

oblique

82
Q

What are the 3 points of fusion?

A

o b/w 2 medial nasal
o medial nasal and maxillary on each side
o maxillary with lateral nasal

83
Q

If you get a cleft due to improper fusion of the lateral nasal cavity and the maxillary prominence what can this lead to?

A

disruption of the nasolacrimal duct

84
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence form?

A

the nasal septum

85
Q

What does the incisive canal gives us a landmark for?

A

between the primary palate and the secondary palate

86
Q

The philtrum of the upper lip, the incisor portion of the upper jaw and the triangular primary palate back to the incisive canal are formed by the growing together of the (blank)

A

medial nasal prominences

87
Q

What make all the stuff anterior to the incisive canal (i.e primary palate and upper lip)

A

the medial nasal prominence

88
Q

As you go posterior to incisive canal (dividing line between primary and secondary palates) there will be a contribution from the (blank)

A

maxillary prominence and the nasal septum of frontonasal prominence

89
Q

Is cleft lip more common in males or females? Is this maternal age dependent?

A

males

yes, this is maternal age dependent

90
Q

Is Isolated cleft palate more or less common and found in males or females and is this maternal dependent?

A

less common, females, not maternal dependent.

91
Q

Do clefts have a genetic or environemental component?

A

yes, both

92
Q

Are cleft palate associated with mental retardation?

A

some are (usually the midline varieties)

93
Q

What is a midline cleft problem?

A

the 2 median nasal prominence and palatine shelf isnt coming together so there in incomplete formation of neural tube

94
Q

What is the most severe cleft palate and why?

A

midline cleft problem because it is associated with mental retardation

95
Q

Any defect in the vicinity of the primary palate is due to failure to fuse of the (blank) and (Blank). what kind of cleft is this?

A

medial nasal and maxillary prominences

cleft lip, cleft primary palate

96
Q

Cleft secondary palate is due to fusion failure of the (blank)

A

palatine shelves of the maxillary prominence

97
Q

Can you get combined clefts?

A

yes

98
Q

Oblique clefts are from fusion failure between (blank) and (Blank) exposing the (blank) duct.

A

maxillary
lateral nasal prominence
nasolacrimal duct

99
Q

Are midline cleft common?

A

no they are rare

100
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A 
Ethmoid bone
Palatine bone
Lacrimal bone
Maxillarybone
Inferior concha
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
101
Q

How many concha are there? and what is under each one of these?

A 
3 (superior, middle and inferior concha)
a meatus (superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus)
102
Q

Where is the biggest space?

A

under the inferior concha

103
Q

What opening is in the inferior meatus?

A

the nasolacrimal duct

104
Q

What opening is found within the middle meatus and is the opening for the frontal and maxillary sinus?

A

the hiatus semilunares

105
Q

Where do you find the bulla?

A

in the middle meatus

106
Q

How does the sphenoid sinus get into the superior meatus?

A

through the sphenoethmoidal recess

107
Q

When we tand in the erect posture is the maxillary sinus above or below the meatus?

A

below the meatus

108
Q

How do you get stuff to drain out the maxillary sinus if the sinus is below the opening into the middle meatus?

A

there is cilia that beats up toward the opening

109
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses and describe where they are located?

A

maxillary -> under eyes next to nose (big circles)
frontal-> located above eyes
ethmoidal-> between your eyes and go posteriorly
sphenoid-> right in front of optic chiasm

110
Q

are sinuses present in newborns?

A

no

111
Q

when do sinuses begin to form?

A

1 year

112
Q

What is the sinus that appears at 1 year?

A

maxillary sinus

113
Q

What are the sinuses that are present at 6 years?

A

sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses

114
Q

What are teh sinuses that are present at 10 years?

A

sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinus
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus

115
Q

When are sinuses completely developed?

A

at 21

116
Q

What is th nerve supply to the lateral wall nasal wall?

A

ethmoid nerves from nasociliary branch of V1

posterior nasal branches from palatine nerves and ganglion

117
Q

What does the anterior ethmoidal nerves do?

A

gives sensory innervation to the mucosa lining of the lateral nasal cavity (sympathetics are on there too)

118
Q

What do the posterior branches form the palatine ganglion do?

A

gives sensory innervation to mucous membrane and carry some parasympathetics to the mucous glands

119
Q

Where does the posterior nasal nerve coem from?

A

from pterygopalatine ganglion or palatine nerves

120
Q

What branch of the trigeminal also gives sensory innervation to the lateral wall?

A

V2

121
Q

What makes the bony and cartilaginous septum of the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid
septal cartilage
vomer

122
Q

Where do you find these structure:
nasal septum
choanae
nasopharynx

A

medial wall of nasal cavity

123
Q

What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?

A

branch of maxillary artery (sphenopalatine)
ethmoidal arteries
facial artery

124
Q

Where do the ethmoidal arteries come from?

A

the opthalmic artery

125
Q

Why are nose bleeds that come from the facial artery easier to stop than other types of nose bleeds?

A

because the facial artery is compressible will the sphenopalatine and ethmoidal arteries arent

126
Q

What is the nerve supply to the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

anterior ethmoidal branch
nasopalatine nerve
nasopalatine nerve in incisive canal

127
Q

What nerve goes through the incisive canal?

A

the nasopalatine nerve

128
Q

Where does the anteiror ethmoidal branch come from?

A

v1

129
Q

Where does the nasopalatine nerve come from?

A

V2

130
Q

What does the pterygopalatine fossa contain?

A

maxillary nerve
maxillary artery
pterygopalatine ganglion

131
Q

What does the pterygopalatine fossa do?

A

sends innervation and blood supply to nasal cavity, palate, teeth and skin of face

132
Q

There are (blank) openings of the pterygopalatine fossa

A

6

133
Q

What needs to enter the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

an artery
a nerve
parasympathetic and sympathetics

134
Q

What artery enters the pterygopalatine fossa and how?

A

maxillary artery-> pterygomaxillary fissure

135
Q

What nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa and how?

A

V2 (maxillary nerve) through foramen rotundum

136
Q

How do sympathetics/parasympathetics get into the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

greater petrosal (parasympathetics) and deep petrosal (sympathetics) pterygoid canal

137
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve give off before entering the orbit?

A

the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves

138
Q

What comes off of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

the lesser and greater palatine nerves

139
Q

What does the lesser palatine nerve innervate and is located anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

posterior and soft palate

140
Q

What does the greater palatine nerve innervate and where is it located?

A

the hard palate and is anterior

141
Q

What needs to leave the pterygopalatine fossa and how?

A

infraorbital nerve-> infraorbital fissure
greater and lesser palatine nerve, branches of V2-> palatine canal
nerves (nasopalatine) and blood supply to nasal cavity-> sphenopalatine foramen.

142
Q

What comes off the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

palatine nerves, some lateral nasal branches, nasopalatine nerve

143
Q

Does the maxillary nerve carry pre or post ganglionic parasympathetics?

A

postganglionic parasympathetics

Block 5 Week 5 Dani (9 decks)

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