emotion and cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin and emotion

A

first to propose a limited number of basic and universal human emotions

universality of emotional expression implies a common emotional experience

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2
Q

Ekman’s study of basic emotions

A

studied facial expression of emotion
suggested there a 6 basic expressions

similar in range, appearance and interpretation across cultures
characterised by a unique subset of facial muscle movements
innate

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3
Q

Ekman’s 6 basic emotions

A

anger
disgust
fear
happiness
sadness
surprise

all innate, universal and have a unique subset of facial movements

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4
Q

valence

A

value we give a stimulus of whether it is good or bad

middle of continuum = no valence

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5
Q

basic emotions and the brain

A

each relies on its own neural substrate
- not clearly identified for all

more complex emotions are less clearly linked to specific facial displays and neural correlates

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6
Q

neural substrate of anger

A

involves many regions depending on different aspects

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7
Q

neural substrate for disgust

A

insular cortex
basal ganglia

involved in experiencing and recognising disgust in all forms
- moral, social, physical etc

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8
Q

neural substrate for fear

A

amygdala

those with amygdala damage struggle to perceive and recognise fear in others

also mediates valence in all cognitive domains

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9
Q

neural substrate of sadness

A

reduced cortical activation and connectivity

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10
Q

neural substrate of happiness

A

some candidate regions

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11
Q

neural substrate of surprise

A

unknown

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12
Q

perceiving basic emotions

A

involves a much wider network of brain areas

shows them interacting with each other

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13
Q

dimensional approach to classify emotions

A

not experienced as an on/off but as a continuum
attempt to capture complexity of emotions

eg nervous and excited
similar emotions with high levels of arousal
but differ in valence

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14
Q

arousal

A

overall term for bodily changes that occur in emotion

such as changes in heart rate, sweating and hormones

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15
Q

circumplex model of human emotion

A

emotions defined and classified on a spectrum of arousal and valence

subjective experience of emotional quality, good vs bad

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16
Q

Geneva Emotion Wheel

A

similar to circumplex model

but spectrum is along pleasantness and control (definition between states)

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17
Q

approach vs withdrawal approach

A

classifies emotions according to motivation
different emotions lead to different goals for action

approach and withdrawal emotions

18
Q

approach and withdrawl emotions

A

approach - evoke desire to approach the stimulus (object or situation)
eg happiness, surprise and anger

withdrawl - evoke desire to withdraw from object or situations associated with these emotions
eg sadness and disgust

19
Q

manipulating emotions

A

critical form of social regulation

critical aspect of investigating the interaction of emotions and cognition for scientific study

done by:
evocative stimuli
mood induction

20
Q

evocative stimuli

A

stimuli that elicit emotional responses - evoke strong emotions

eg pictures of faces with difference emotional expressions
words that vary in valance and arousal (use of mirror neurons)

21
Q

mood induction

A

mood is a more stable state of emotion
longer lasting and not necessarily linked to a specific event or object

eg watching films, playing music
result in positive or negative mood states

22
Q

2 ways of measuring emotions

A

direct assessment
indirect assessment

23
Q

direct assessment

A

relies on introspection
affected by cultural conventions
self report measures eg questionnaires

24
Q

indirect assessment

A

assess behaviour eg decisions and physiological responses

pupil elation, skin conductance, heart rate, facial movements etc

can measure emotions with electrodes on body
peripheral nervous system also effected by emotional states
eg stress increases heart rate

25
how do we learn emotions and preferences?
some stimuli inherently bad but others we ascribe value based on experiences emotional memories stronger than neutral ones - often forget why we have an emotional association but not what it is classical conditioning extinction operant condition instructional and observational learning mirror neurons
26
how do stimuli gain or lose value?
emotional classical conditioning aversive conitioning evaluative conditioning extinction - reversing conditioning operant instructional and observational mirror neurons
27
emotional classical conditioning
learned association between neutral event and an emotional event 2 types autonomic - expressed through bodily responses such as an arousal response evaluative - expressed through a preference or attitude
28
autonomic (aversive) conditioning
amygdala mediates memory assigns it high importance hippocampus makes it accessible and hard to forget amygdala and hippocampus closely connected - interaction links certain emotions to events
29
evaluative conditioning
learned subjective preferences or attitudes acquired through classical conditioning main goal of many forms of advertising
30
extinction
reversing conditioning learned associations can be unlearned again if stimulus presented repeated without negative experiences potential treatment of phobias - unpairing response - replace with positive association evaluative hard to extinguish - social bias hard to address
31
instrumental/ operant conditioning
learned by reward and punishment response frequency will increase or decrease depending on the outcome develop associations fast affecting response frequency response reward in dopamine can lead to addiction
32
instructional and observational learning
learning by associations that haven't been experienced learn emotional responses to things unlikely to be experienced due to other peoples outcomes works as evolved complex communication which allows us to experience things vicariously
33
mirror neurons
fire when we do a task or observe another doing the same task also mirror emotions and pain of other people due to similar brain activations
34
high emotion and memory
highly emotional memories are hard to forget arousal enhances consolidation
35
amygdala and hippocampus in emotion
amygdala mediates emotional memories by integrating with the hippocampus where physical traces of memories are made (engrams) amygdala assigns them importance based on intensity of emotion
36
stress and memory
can improve memory under some circumstances emotional learning stays high with increased stress but other types of learning decrease at very high stress levels optimum level improves memory
37
salience
how easy a stimulus pops into our attention high salience is more memorable
38
how does emotion effect salience?
emotion increases salience of stimuli attracts more attention means other stimuli presented at the same time get processed less and are less attended to can facilitate (if emotion stimulus is the target) or decrease (not target) performance in tasks eg eyewitness remembers weapon but not face
39
emotional stroop task
similar to classic stroop test instead of colour, highly emotional words used as distractors more emotional the word, the harder it is to ignore it and say the colour - results in larger error rates and longer reaction times
40
affective primacy hypothesis
proposes that emotional stimuli are processed relatively automatically fewer demands on limited cognitive resources - more bottom up processing
41
support for the affective primacy hypothesis
emotional faces stand out in a crowd - pay more attention to them