Emotion

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

behavioral patterns triggered by emotion-inducing external or internal stimuli

Question 2

types of body behavioural patterns changed by emotion

Answer 2

*changes in skeletal and smooth muscle (facial expression, posture, heart rate, gut motility)
*changes in internal biochemistry (release of chemicals/ hormones into circulation)

Question 3

feelings

Answer 3

perceptions of emotional behavioral patterns; reqiries mapping of behaviors and internal body states to the associated feeling

Question 4

why are emotions useful/ positive

Answer 4

• survival (avoid danger)
• well-being (take advantage of opportunities)
  *decision making (predict emotional consequences, not take risky actions)

Question 5

emotions and focus

Answer 5

emotional behavioral patterns focus attention on emotion inducing stimuli; increases likelihood of appropriate response to important persons or objects

Question 6

how are emotions bad/negative

Answer 6

negative bias decision making (act on emotional impulse)

Question 7

what do positive emotions and emotional equilibrium correlate to

Answer 7

resilience, life satisfaction and happiness

Question 8

what do negative emotions and lack of emotional equilibrium contribute to

Answer 8

unhappiness, psychological disorders

Question 9

what controls total CNS output

Answer 9

motor system (skeletal muscles) and autonomic NS (innervated tissues and organs)

Question 10

3 divisions of autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

• sympathetic (fight/flight)
• parasympathetic (rest/digest)
• enteric

Question 11

enteric autonomic NS

Answer 11

receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS; in GI tract

Question 12

what parts of CNS control the autonomic NS

Answer 12

hypothalamus and brainstem (nucleus of solitary tract)

Question 13

visceral afferents

Answer 13

sensory neurons in internal organs that project to high level NS

Question 14

where do visceral afferent project to

Answer 14

sensory info from internal organs -> dorsal horn (spinal cord) or brainstem (nucleus of solitary tract)

Question 15

effects of sympathetic NS

Answer 15

increase heart rate, blood pressure, sweating
decrease digestive function (via enteric)

Question 16

effects of parasympathetic NS

Answer 16

reduces heart rate, blood pressure, sweating
increases digestive function (via enteric)

Question 17

effects of enteric division of autonomic NS

Answer 17

food transport and digestion from mouth to anus

Question 18

facial muscles involved in smiling

Answer 18

orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus

Question 19

facial muscle involved in frown

Answer 19

corrugator

Question 20

facial muscle involved in disgust

Answer 20

levator

Question 21

what pathway are facial expression touch and proprioceptive signals carried along

Answer 21

trigeminal pathway

Question 22

trigeminal pathway

Answer 22

main sensory trigeminal nucleus, crosses to opposite side medial lemniscus, ventral posteromedial nucleus (thalamus), cortex

Question 23

how can feelings be induced

Answer 23

adapting corresponding facial expression; different facial expressions feel different!!

Question 24

effect of inhibiting expression

Answer 24

interferes with emotion and processing of emotional information

Question 25

effect of adopting expression orgesture

Answer 25

influence preferences and attitudes of corresponding feeling

Question 26

brain regions involved in emotional expereince

Answer 26

insula, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, amygdala

Question 27

insula role in emotional expereince

Answer 27

integrate visceral (organ) information with motivational, sensory and social information; relating emotion inducing stimuli to environment

Question 28

where does insula recive emotional information

Answer 28

visceral afferent fibers project to posterior insula via brainstem and thalmus

Question 29

insula organization

Answer 29

orderly representation of state of all body tissues *temp, pain, itch, muscular and visceral ache, sensual touch

Question 30

what areas in brain is insula connected to

Answer 30

amygdala, ventral striatum, prefrontal cingulate cortex, sensory cortex

Question 31

insula lesions show impairment with what emotion

Answer 31

disgust

Question 32

ventromedial PFC role in emotional experience

Answer 32

decision making guided by emotions/ reward based decisions

Question 33

ventromedial PFC neuron organization

Answer 33

population of neurons that each preferentially respond to different emotional stimuli (adverse, pleasant, neutral, etc)

Question 34

what deficents does damage to ventromedial PFC lead to

Answer 34

social conduct, perturbed emotion processing, personality changes, poor judgement, impulsive decisions

Question 35

amygdala role in emotional experience

Answer 35

involved in conscious and unconscious perception of emotional stimuli (pos and neg)

Question 36

3 groups of nuclei in amygdala

Answer 36

basolateral, corticomedial, central

Question 37

amygdala corticomedial nuclei

Answer 37

input for smell infomation

Question 38

amygdala basolateral nuclei

Answer 38

input for auditory, visual, tactical, gustatory inputs; connected with ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 39

amygdala central nucleus

Answer 39

output; modulating autonomic and motor responses

Question 40

hypothalamus role in emotional experience

Answer 40

coordinates/integrates visceral and somatic responses; maintains bodies internal homeostasis

Question 41

Hypothalamus 3 function zones

Answer 41

inside -> outside: periventricular zone, medial zone, lateral zone

Question 42

periventricular zone inputs

Answer 42

medial and lateral zone

Question 43

periventricular zone function

Answer 43

secrete hormones

Question 44

papez circut

Answer 44

proposed circuit of how limbic system works: cingulate cortex -> hippocampus -> hypothalamus -> anterior nuclei of thalamus -> back to cingulate cortex -> neocortex

Question 45

papez circut flaw

Answer 45

hippocampus and anterior thalamus now though to play less of a role in emotional processing

Question 46

what activity is still influenced when subject not consciously aware of emotional stimuli

Answer 46

- increased skin conductance (increases arousal) -increased amygdala activation

Question 47

learned fear mechanism

Answer 47

fear input into basolateral nuclei of amygdala -> output from amygdala central nucleus to influences autonomic response (hypothalamus), behavioral response (PAG in brainstem), and emotional response (cerebral cortex)

Question 48

predatory agression

Answer 48

physically attacks against other species for food/ resources *head/neck as targets, few vocalization, low sympathetic activity

Question 49

part of the brain activated in predatory aggression

Answer 49

lateral hypothalmus

Question 50

affective aggression

Answer 50

aggression for show to scare off predators rather than physical attack *threatening posture, vocalization, high sympathetic activity

Question 51

part of brain activated during affective aggression

Answer 51

lateral hypothalmus

Question 52

brain network enabling aggression

Answer 52

cortex (mainly frontal lobe) -> amygdala -> hypothalamus and midbrain (PAG, tegmental area) -hypothalamus: secrete hormones and/ or activate midbrain regions to activate aggressive behavior -midbrain regions directly activate aggressive behavior

Question 53

2 circumstances for emotions of admiration and compassion

Answer 53

physical and social (compassion for physical and social pain)

Question 54

admiration and compassion brain areas activated (for both social and physical )

Answer 54

insula, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex

Question 55

admiration and compassion brain areas activated (for only social)

Answer 55

hypothalmus and brainstem

Question 56

what part of posterior medial cortex (PMC) is activated for admiration for skill and compassion for physical

Answer 56

lower part (ventral)

Question 57

what part of posterior medial cortex (PMC) is activated for admiration for virtue and compassion for social pain

Answer 57

upper part (dorsal)

Question 58

2 kinds of disgust

Answer 58

core and body-boundry violation disgust

Question 59

core disgust

Answer 59

seeing, smelling, tasting something rancid like spoiled food or bodily waste ; survival skill

Question 60

body boundary violation BBV disgust

Answer 60

specific type of disgust that is triggered by stimuli that breach the perceived boundaries of the body, such as blood, gore, mutilation, or bodily fluids

Question 61

brain area activated for core disgust

Answer 61

ventral insula

Question 62

brain area activated for BBV disgust

Answer 62

dorsal insula

Question 63

how is magnitude of disgust detected

Answer 63

predicted via gastric activity and (lesser so) sympathetic effects on heart; greater activation = greater magnitude