Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

behavioral neuroscience > Attention and Consciousness > Flashcards

Attention and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need attention

A

it helps us only process important information in detail and filter out irrelevant info
(because there is too much info around us to simultaneously process everything in detail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of blindness

A

inattentional and change blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inattentional blindness

A

people fail to notice unexpected but fully visible objects or events, even when their attention is focused on something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

change blindness

A

people often fail to notice significant changes in their visual environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spatial attention

A

attention to a particular location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 components of spatial attention

A

fixation point and spotlight of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

feature-based attention

A

attention to a particular feature (ex. color, orientation, motion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

object based attention

A

attention to a particular object spread from cued to uncued locations of the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

temporal attention

A

attention over time (ex. attentional blink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

types of spatial attention

A

overt and covert attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

overt attention

A

attention is on whatever you are fixating on (prior to cue attention is on fixation point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

covert attention

A

attention is directed away from your gaze (cue draws attention to its location while subject keeps looking at central fixation point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

posner cueing task

A

valid target: target appears at cued location
invalid target: target appears away from cued location
neutral target: target appears with NO prior cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what factors of cognition does attention improve

A

target detection and reaction time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when does a subject have a faster reaction time/behavior response

A

valid targets (target appears at cued location/ where they are paying attention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what targets are detected most often in the Posner cueing task

A

valid targets (target appears at cued location) because attention was there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does attention do to neuron activity

A

enhances/amplifies response; attention increases sensitivity of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does attention do in a cluttered environment

A

filter out unattended stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does neuron response change when attention on preferred stimulus is in its RF

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what areas of brain guide attention

A

fronto-parietal network
* frontal eye field (FEF)
*supplementary eye field (SEF)
*posterior parietal cortex (PPC); LIP (lateral intraparietal area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do brain areas in the fronto-parietal network do?

A

provide feedback to sensory cortex about what information is behaviorally relevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do neurons in the PPC do regarding attention

A

attention priorities; respond to behaviorally relevant stimuli in RRF (reduced or no response to stimuli in RF that are not behaviorally relevant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does match-to-sample task manipulate attention

A

stimulus 1 either directs attention either to or away from stimulus 2; amplify relevant information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

parietal cortex to sensory cortex attention feedback pathway

A

attention increases rate of action potentials in Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) -> increased activity sent to MT (sensory cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where does FEF send feedback info
visual cortex (V4); amplify behaviorally relevant info enhanced processing
26
pulvinar
largest part of the thalamus; higher order thalamus
27
how is pulvinar involved in transporting info across cerebral cortex
route and amplify activity; cortical areas indirectly connection via PUL
28
how does attention influence activity in pulvinar neurons
attention at RF increases response
29
neglect
severe condition where patient is not aware of one side of space
30
neglect is commonly associated with damage to what part of the brain
posterior parietal cortex
31
when what side of the brain is damaged is neglect more comment
right hemisphere (cant see left part of visual space)
32
which refrence frames does negelct impact
affects both egocentric and allocentric reference frame perception
33
how is neglect measures
line bisection tasks, cancellation tasks, copying tasks, measuring eye movements
34
how are eye movements and attentions connected
same fronto-parietal and subcortical areas contribute to both eye movements and attention
35
saccade
a rapid movement of the eye between fixation points
36
what neurons are involved in eye movement planning
posterior parietal cortex neurons; fire BEFORE eye movement
37
when is activity of sensory neurons increased
when attention on preferred stimulus in RF
38
have neurons respond well to behaviorally relevant stimuli
FEF and PPC
39
what parts of the brain provide feedback to sensory cortex about attention priorities
FEF and PPC
40
what does fronto-parietal network control
eye movements AND attention
41
consciousness
awake state in which we have experiences that we are able to report on.
42
how can you tell if someone else is conscious
monitor their behavior and reported experiences
43
turing test
test to tell if machine is conscious; can machine be distinguished from a human?
44
mirror self recognition test
red dot placed on subject forehead when subject is anesthetized; test if they attempts to inspect or remove the mark which signifies self awareness and conciousness
45
who passes and who fails the mirror self recognition tests
most primates (humans and chimps) pass but other animals (dog) fail *flawed test of consciousness
46
4 stages of sleep
non REM sleep (1,2,3/deep sleep) and REM sleep (stage 4)
47
how long does a sleep cycle take (stages 1-4)
~90 mins
48
when do dreams occur in sleep
most vivid dreams in REM sleep but dull dreams happen in other stages
49
dreams
internally generated (disconnected from outside world) sort of conscious state
50
general anesthesia
type of loss of consciousness (disconnected from surrounding environment) caused by a number of drugs with different molecular mechanisms of action
51
general anesthesia: ketamine molecular mechansim
NMDA (glutmate) receptor antagonist
52
general anesthesia: isoflurane molecular mechansim
inhibit voltage sensitive sodium channels
53
general anesthesia: propofol molecular mechansim
potentiates GABA a receptor effects
54
disorders of consciousness
coma, brainstem death, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (vegatiative state), minimally conscious state
55
3 functional states of the brain
awake, no rem sleep, rem sleep
56
Awake State: EEG sensation thought movement rapid eye movement
low voltage, fast vivid, externally generated logical, progressive continuous, voluntary yes rem
57
Non-REM sleep: EEG sensation thought movement rapid eye movement
high voltage, slow dull or absent logical, repetitive occasional, involuntary rem is rare
58
REM sleep: EEG sensation thought movement rapid eye movement
low voltage, fast vivid, internally generated vivid, illogical and bizzare muscle paralysis yes rem
59
stages of coming out of general anesthesia
Phase 1: increases a and b activity on EEG, breathing regulates, reversal of muscle relaxation Phase 2: increase heart rate and blood pressure, return of autonomic responses, pain response returns, return of muscle tone, swallowing/gagging/coughing Phase 3: eye opening, responsive to oral commands, awake EEG patterns
60
progressive transition to wakefulness
brainstem death, coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, awake state
61
2 components of consciousness
arousal and awareness
62
arousal
alertness/ vigilance *eye opening
63
awareness
conscious perception/ richness of conscious experience *following oral commands
64
2 kinds of awareness
awareness of environment and of self
65
awareness of environment
conscious perception of environment using senses
66
awareness of self
inner process that does not require senses or external stimuli; internally generated *includes knowledge of own socio-cultural history
67
high arousal low awareness state of consciousness
sleepwalking, complex partial seizures
68
high arousal high awareness state of consciousness
conscious wakefulness
69
low arousal low awareness state of consciousness
REM sleep
70
low arousal low awareness state of consciousness
deep sleep, general anesthesia, loss of consciousness disorders
71
medium arousal medium awareness state of consciousness
drowsiness
72
neural correlates of consciousness (NCC)
minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for consciousness
73
NCC brain areas
parietal cortex (PCC), temporal cortex, intralaminar nuclei of thalamus *maybe frontal cortex
74
brain areas important for arousal
ILN (thalamus), MRF (brainstem), Hypothalamus, Medial Septal Nucleus, Basal Nucleus of Meynert, Brainstem, thalamic reticular nucleus (NRT)
75
brain areas important for awarness
thalamus, parietal cortex, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, frontal cortex
76
lesions where in the brain can result in loss of consciousness
frontal and partial cortex
77
Global Neuronal Workspace Theory
consciousness depends on ignition; activation of frontal lobe after stimus -> top down signalling from frontal cortex posteriorly
78
Integrated Information Theory
consciousness depends on integrated information (info generated by system about that of its parts); *reciprocal connections between neurons in cortical and thalamo-cortical circuits
79
Predictive Coding Theory of Consciousness
predictive info from frontal lobe transmitted along feedback pathways to sensory cortex
80
Higher Order Theories
consciousness depends on frontal cortex supporting higher order thoughts about sensory experiences *sensory representation in posterior cortex alone are insufficient to declare consciousness
81
Recurrent Processing Theory
consciousness depends on localization recurrent activity in sensory cortex; requires both feedforward and feedback pathways within sensory cortex
82
how does EEG measure signals
measures electric fields generated by pyramidal cells in cortex
83
pyramidal cells generating electric filed mechanism
afferent axon release glutamate, ion channel opens, positive current influx and negative extracellular fluid -> generates electric field
84
how many pyramidal cells must be synchronously active to measure electrical signal through scalp
over 100,000's
85
what determines amplitude and frequency of EEG
summed activity of pyramidal cells
86
when do EEG signals have a greater amplitude
when pyramidal cells synchronized
87
when do EEG signals have higher frequency
when pyramidal cells are irregular
88
highest to lowest frequency waves
gamma(30-70Hz), beta(13-30 Hz), alpha(8-13 Hz), theta(4-8 Hz), delta(1-4Hz)
89
delta frequency (1-4 Hz) cognitive function association
low arousal states (sleep, anesthesia)
90
theta frequency(4-8 Hz) cognitive function association
memory processing *hippocampus
91
alpha frequency (8-13 Hz) cognitive function association
visual attention *visual cortex and fronto-parietal cortex
92
beta frequency (13-30 Hz) cognitive function association
motor processing *motor cortex *feedback pathways
93
gamma frequency (30-70Hz) cognitive function association
sensory-evoked processing, conscious awareness *feedforward pathways
94
EEG signals during awake state
alpha and beta rhythms; lowest amplitude high frequencies
95
EEG signals during rem sleep
beta rhythms: low amplitude high frequencies
96
EEG signals stage 1 non-REM sleep
theta rhythms: mid amplitude mid frequencies
97
EEG signals stage 2 non-REM sleep
high amplitude K complex followed by low amplitude high frequency sleep spindles
98
EEG signals stage 3 non-REM sleep
delta rhythms: high amplitude low frequencies
99
EEG signals during general anesthesia
high amplitude low frequency
100
EEG signals during coma/ vegetative state
high amplitude low frequency *burst suppression: periods of high amplitude low frequency and periods of isoelectric signals (flat)
101
EEG signals during brain death/ coma
isoelectric (flat)
102
EEG signals during epileptic seizures
large amplitude low frequency signals
103
partial seizure
involves partial area of cerebral cortex
104
effect if seizure affects motor cortex
clonic/rhythmic limb movements
105
effect if seizure affects sensory cortex
aura (abnormal sensation)
106
generalized seizure
involves entire cerebral cortex of both hemispheres symptoms: behavior completely disrupted for minutes, loss of consciousness, ongoing rhythmic muscle activity
107
absence seizure
less than 30 secs, loss of consciousness, little motor activity
108
minimally conscious state: activation of what area allows for motor imagery tasks
motor cortex (supplementary motor cortex)
109
minimally conscious state: activation of what area allows spatial imagery tasks
hippocampus (parahippocampal gyrus and supplementary motor cortex activation)
110
how can patients in a minimally conscious state communicate
through reading fmri activation signals from motor imagery and spatial imagery tasks
111
treatment for patient in a minimally conscious state
deep brain stimulation of thalamus, targeting intralaminar nuclei,
112
what increased behavioral response was seen when minimally conscious state patients had deep brain stimulation in thalmus
increased eye open periods, increased response to commands, functional object use, intelligent verbalization
113
EEG during consciousness
high frequency low amplitude
114
EEG during unconsciousness
low frequency high amplitude

behavioral neuroscience (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions