Cognitive Control Flashcards
task set
configuration of cognitive processes necessary to perform task; preparation for upcoming task operations
how long is a task set maintained
actively maintained throughout duration of task
what information is maintained in task set
perceptual, attentional, mnemonic, and motor information about task
set shifting
selecting between 2 competing task sets
2 types of set shifting paradigms
task cueing paradigm
intermittent cueing paradigm
task cueing paradigm
a cue is given, set shift, a different cue is given
intermittent cueing paradigm
one target is given, switch without subject knowing, subject adapts to other target
3 stages of set shifting
instruction (introduction of relevant task), memory items, memory probe (recall)
4 types if relevant tasks
spatial forward, spatial backward, verbal forward, verbal backward
what brain areas respond to spatial tasks
dorsolateral PFC and parietal lobe
what brain areas respond to verbal tasks
ventrolateral PFC and temporal lobe
what brain area responds to both spatial and verbal tasks
anterior PFC
domain indepdent
responds to both spatial and verbal tasks
why does anterior PFC respond to both spatial and verbal tasks
to correlate with the ventral and dorsal lateral PFC and direct relevant information
when do anterior PFC and dorsolateral PFC interact
spatial tasks
when do anterior PFC and ventralateral PFC interact
verbal tasks
framework to look at perceptual decision making
signal detection theory
decision
commitment to a plan of action based on information relevant to possible outcomes
signal detection theory
accumulate sensory evidence, transform into decision variable in decision stage, and apply decision rule, influence behavior
decision rule
threshold level/ criteria which determines a choice
decision variable
likelihood of observing the current sensory value given a particular state of the environment
decision variable equation: right vs left preferring group
DV = (activity of right preferring group) - (activity of left preferring group)
D> 0 moving right
2 types of inhibition/ inhibitory control
cognitive and behavioral
behavioral inhibition
cancelation of planned or early staged action (***overriding motor responses, delayed gratification, reversal learning)
cognitive inhibition
overriding mental processes wholly or partially (*** blocking memories, thoughts, perception, and emotions)
impulse
inhibition fails and you acton impulsion
impulse disorders
ADHD, drug addiction, schizophrenia
compulsion
continue to act on impulses even with negative result
compulsion disorders
OCD, drug addiction
stop-signal paradigm
tool for researchers to investigate how quickly and effectively people can stop a planned or ongoing action
stop signal reaction time
time taken after stop signal to inhibit behavioral response
what area of the brain is important/ localized for stop signal inhibition
right inferior frontal cortex
what pathway can be activated to stop unwanted motor/behavioral acitivty
hyperdirect pathway in basal ganglia; activate subthalamic nucleus inhibits thalamus
general intelligence
general ability common to many cognitive tasks
2 factors of general intelligence
crystalized and fluid intelligence
crystallised intelligence
acquired knowledge about nature of the world and learned operations
factors of crystallised intelligence
- depends on culture
- little to no age related decline
fluid intelligence
ability to solve novel problems independent of crystalized intelligence/ acquired knowledge
***reasoning ability, intellectual speed, working memory, memory span, making inferences
what parts of the brain are important for fluid intelligence
frontal and posterior parietal lobes
what part of the brain is not important for fluid intelligence (but rather crystalized intelligence/ semantic memory)
temporal lobe
Cognitive control
ability to flexibly adapt behavior according to current goals and context
what is a synonym for cognitive ontrol
executive functions
what does cognitive control require
effort and concentration
what part of the brain is crucial for cognitive control
prefrontal cortex
3 core executive functions for cognitive control
inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility
inhibitory control
response inhibition, resisting impulses, selective attention (selective for behaviorally relevant info)
working memory
holding information in mind when not perceptually present; able to be manipulated
cognitive flexability
set shifting/ thinking outside of the box
higher order executive functioning
reasoning, problem solving, and planning
hierarchy organization of pfc
complex -> less complex:
anterior to posterior
anterior pfc processing
abstract processing (overarching goals)
posterior pfc processing
concrete goa processing (goals linked to actions)
dorsal lateral pfc processing
where/how processing
ventral lateral pfc processing
what processing
medial pfc processing
hot (value/emotion) processing
lateral pfc processing
cold (cognitive/logic) processing
pfc role in executive functions (4)
*integrates and synthesizes information from diverse sources
*guides information flow throughout the brain/ select action plans
*top down control of sensory systems
*amplify behaviorally relevant processes/ info/ memories
working memory
temporary storage of information
- limited capacity
-susceptible to interference/ manipulation
-consciously aware of store info
short term memory
temporary information storage WITHOUT manipulation (part of working memory)
long term memory
stable information storage over long intervals
-large storage capacity
2 different types of working memory
phonological and visuo-spatial working memory
phonological working memory
holds recently heard or internally generates/ thought auditory information
how long does phonological working memory hold info
for 2 seconds or while rehearsed
2 parts of phonological working memory
speech storage and subvocal articulatory rehearsal process
phonological working memory functions
facilitate language acquisition and control behavior through self instruction
visuo-spatial working memory
holds limited amount of visual information while you attend to it (surpassing eye movements, blinks and other visual inputs)
visuo-spatial working memory functions
maintain continuity across eye movements and creates/maintains images when imagining/ describing object
multi component model of working memory
control system (pfc): central executive
storage systems: visual spatial sketchpad and phonological loop
storage system for visuo-spatial working memory
visuospatial sketchpad
storage system for auditory verbal working memory
phonological loop
pfc role: visuospatial sketchpad
top down influence over representation in visual cortex
posterior parietal cortex: visuospatial sketchpad
represent visuospatial working memory
visual cortex and inferior temporal cortex: visuospatial sketchpad
supports role of visual areas in working memory
what brain areas support phonological memory
lateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction
*Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
what hemisphere of brain dominates phonological memory/ language processing
left hemisphere
delayed response task
cue, delay (working memory maintains visual/ cue), and response
how does brain generate sustained response during working memory
feedback connections/loop and recurrent neural networks
feedback connections
allows neural activity to flow in a loop
recurrent neural networks
any network with neurons that send feedback signals ot one another
sustained neural activity loop mechanism
sensory input -> hidden layer (2 neurons in loop) -. output
what part of the thalamus is involved in delay period of working memory
mediodorsal thalamus
how does pfc cells respond during delay period
different ofc cells can respond at different times during delay period to prolong working memory
what does pfc and mediodorsal thalamus loop do
hold memories in working memory during the delay stage
rules
context dependent mappings of cues to actions
2 types of cues
exogenous (outside) and endogenous (inside)
why are rules useful
allow us to quickly and intelligently adjust to particular seniors and guide our everyday actions
what disorder stems from deficits in rule processing
Schizophrenia
lesions where in the brain cause deficits to rule processing
pfc
what neurons encode abstract rules
neurons in anterior pfc
what neurons encode concrete rules
posterior pfc
what can neurons in prefrontal cortex represent
rules
