Emotion

Question 1

Classical emotion

Answer 1

• Basic emotions
• Emotion happening triggers a stimuli which affects behaviour

Question 2

Prototypical emotions

Answer 2

• Tend to involve physiological change
• Direct link between stimulus and emotion

Question 3

William James (1884) emotion

Answer 3

Common sense implies that our emotions follow the events that happen to us, but James says that without bodily function (crying, laughing) we wouldn’t feel emotion

Question 4

Minds pre-programmed to respond to certain stimuli

Answer 4

Activating a stereotype has been shown to result in behaviour linked to that stereotype

Question 5

Critique of James’ study

Answer 5

Visceral changes are too slow to be a source of emotional feeling and artificial induction of visceral changes doesn’t produce emotion

Question 6

Maranon (1924) adrenaline study

Answer 6

• Fewer than a third of participants reported any emotion
• Knew they were being injected with adrenaline so that may have explained lack of emotion due to design effects

Question 7

Schacter’s two factor theory

Answer 7

Social context can help us interpret emotional states, cognitive input is needed to interpret physiological arousal

Question 8

Schacter’s two factor theory - Stage one

Answer 8

Individual will label feelings to whatever explanation they have available if there is no clear explanation for feelings

Question 9

Schacter’s two factor theory - Stage two

Answer 9

Individual unlikely to label their feelings another way if they have an appropriate explanation

Question 10

Schacter’s two factor theory - Stage three

Answer 10

Individual will react emotionally or describe their feelings as emotions

Question 11

Facial feedback - Strack, Martin and Stepper (1988)

Answer 11

Idea that how we feel is partly shaped by feedback from the facial musculature

Question 12

Roles of cognition in emotion

Answer 12

Cognitive accounts of emotion emphasise the labelling of emotion

Question 13

Appraisal theory

Answer 13

Emotion is based on an appraisal of the meaning and significance of an event on ourselves

Question 14

Primary appraisal

Answer 14

Whether something of relevance to the person’s wellbeeing has occurred

Question 15

Secondary appraisal

Answer 15

Concerns coping options and whether any given action may prevent harm or benefit it - requires more cognitive work

Question 16

Reappraisal

Answer 16

Comes later and is constructed by the mind to regulate emotional distress or protect one’s ego identity

Question 17

Primary appraisal components

Answer 17

• Goal relevance
• Goal congruence
• Self esteem

Question 18

Secondary appraisal components

Answer 18

• Blame or credit
• Coping potential
• Future expectancy

Question 19

Is emotion caused by appraisal?

Answer 19

We don’t know as it is hard to measure and quantify as different levels of emotion are different for everyone, also doesn’t account for sudden onset emotions like shock or excitement

Question 20

Mere exposure effect

Answer 20

• Participants shown Japanese characters at varying rates and asked if they liked them
• Exposure to characters didn’t matter, participants liked unseen characters

Question 21

Appraisal affecting wellbeing

Answer 21

The more plans someone has for grief, the better their psychological well-being