Emotion Flashcards
EMOTION
- “… strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances/mood/relationships; instinctive/intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning/knowledge…”
STAGES OF EMOTIONAL PROCESSING
PHILLIPS et al (2003):
- regulation = regulation of the affective state
- affective state production (emotion-feeling-mood = duration)
- appraisal = identification of the emotional significance of a stimuli
- stimulus presentation
CROSS-SPECIES
DARWIN (1872)
- similarities of anger between dogs, swans and humans; ruffled body features and tensed face to bare teeth repeated across species
DR LISA PARR
- chimps make similar faces of excitement when playing/tickling, and also smile to appease their friend and show lack of aggression afterwards; easily comparable to respective human expressions
CROSS-CULTURE
EKMAN & FRIESEN (1971/1972)
- basic emotions (ie. joy, anger, disgust, sadness, fear) are universal across cultures, ie:
- her friends have come; she is happy
- his mother had dies; he feels sad
- he is angry; he is about to fight
- she is surprised; she is looking at something new
- he is disgusted; he smells something bad
- tribe members w/no social interactions were asked to show faces of joy/sadness etc.; same as ours
- BUT display rules are culture-specific
INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
- expressions change in-taken info ie.
fear = eyes widen = helps detect a threat
disgust = eyes/nose wrinkle = avoids ingesting contamination
OATLEY & JOHNSON-LAIRD (1987) - emotions adapt beh to achieve goals ie.
joy = goals achieved = continue w/plan
sadness = failure of goal = search for new plan
anxiety = self-preservation threatened = vigilantly attend to environment/escape
anger = goal frustrated = aggress/try harder
disgust = goal violated = reject substance/withdraw
GENDER DISPLAY RULES
- kids taught to behave according to norms/stereotypes:
girls = cooperative/nice/friendly/smile
boys = manly/strong/angry/controlled
BBC 2 STUDY - boys = overconfident; struggled w/emotions other than anger
CULTURAL DISPLAY RULES
- smiling is not culturally universal; smiling people are culturally-influenced rather than related to happiness level in life
- smiling common = USA; smiling uncommon = Japan via “less average emotional expression”
NATURE
JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
- facial expressions are hard-wired/innate, not culturally learned; blind athletes express the same sadness after losing a match as sighted athletes; nigh perfect correlation suggests genetic resident source of facial expression
GIL et al (2011)
- 6w infants; sadness/joy already distinguish themselves via reflexes; show social-communicative functions for infant-parent interaction vital in caretaker communication
PARRY (2011)
- feti show expressions increasingly complex over time
CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS
SCHNEIRLA (1959)
- single dual-system theories categorise emotions via approach/withdrawal
GRAY (1970/1980)
- behavioural approach (reward); inhibition systems (punishment/distinct brain circuits)
DAVIDSON
- valence-asymmetry hypothesis left-sided prefrontal cortex = approach-related (positive) goals
- right-sided PFC = goals requiring inhibition/withdrawal (negative)
CIRCUMPLEX MODEL
RUSSEL (1980) valence = positive/negative arousal = dull/intense - sadness = dull/negative - anger = intense/negative
THE ROLE OF EMOTION EXPRESSION
EKMAN et al (1980)
- do facial expressions reflect emotional experience?
- pps watched movies while expressions videotaped
- self-reported subjective experiences (ie. emotions, intensity, etc.)
- expressions codes via FACS (Facial Action Coding System)
- pps who showed particular smile movements (action unit 12) reported more joy; respective for sadness
MEASURING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS
EKMAN & FRIESEN (1978)
- developed FACS (Face Action Coding System)
- “Pan Am” smile = doesn’t meet the eyes
- “Duchenne” smile = overexaggerated
KUNECKE et al (2014)
- facial EMG measures subtle activity in corrugator (frown) and zygomatic (smile) muscles
- EMG positively correlated w/emotion perception ability; shows gender difs (fem > male)
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
- wide fearful eyes = threat signal; white of eye helps quickly direct attention to gaze location
- joy/anger = reinforcers (3m)
- sadness = elicits caregiving
- basically think Inside Out lmao
SOCIAL CONTEXT
FRIDLUND (1991)
- pps saw pleasant video; 4c: alone/alone but thinking a friend was near/alone but thinking a friend was also watching the tape/with friend
- EMG measured smiling; increased w/sociability but not as function of self-reported emotion
- argues facial expressions communicate motives rather than emotional states
CONTEXTUAL INTENSITY
HESS et al (1995)
- similar paradigm of Fridlund (1991) but varied intensity (ie. funny VS slightly funny) + relationship (ie. friend VS stranger) of other pp
- measured EMG/skin conductance/self-report
- intensity of smiling affected by sociality of context but more strongly by film funniness
- context + internal emotion play a role BUT effects emerge only w/friends not strangers
- so emotion expression is influenced by state/context/relationship w/audience
JAMES-LANGE THEORY
JAMES (1885)
- emotions = sets of bodily responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli
- dif bodily change patterns code dif emotions
- “… the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion…”
HEART-RATE
CRITCHLEY et al (2005)
- facial expressions can be differentiated bases on evoked heart rate response
- HR for correctly identified sad/angry faces > happy/disgusted
- disgust mis-identified as anger/sadness evoked HR changes more typical of sadness/anger than disgust as predicted by James-Lange Theory
BARD THEORY
CANNON (1920s)
- argued against James-Lange Theory:
1. emotions occurred even if brain disconnected from viscera (internal organs) BUT less intense
2. bodily changes = unspecific to emotions/too slow BUT are partly
3. stimulation of bodily change doesn’t give emotions BUT CCL = panic - so emotions depend on brain mechanisms
THE 2-FACTOR THEORY
SCHACHTER & SINGER (1962)
- gave misinformed pps adrenaline; resulting arousal/emotions interpreted based on contextual cues (via stooges)
- emotion is a function of both cognitive factors (ie. appraisal) + physiological arousal
- “… people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label/interpret unexplained physiological arousal…”
APPRAISAL
LAZARUS (1991)
- relational meaning rooted in appraisal
- emotions AREN’T cased by environmental events/intra-psychic factors in person BUT by person-environment relationships changing w/time/circumstances (ie. “what does this event mean to me?”)
THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN
- cingulate gyrus
- septum
- fornix
- hippocampus
- mammillary body
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- olfactory bulb
PAPEZ NEURAL CIRCUIT OF EMOTION (1937)
emotional stimuli -> thalamus -> hypothalamus (feeling) -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate cortex (feeling) -> hippocampus -> hypothalamus -> bodily response
AMYGDALA
- important; can cut brain in half via it
- KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME: lesions in monkeys = social beh changes ie. hyper-orality/social disinhibition/emotional motor + vocal reaction absence
- lesions in humans = emotional blunting/reduced fear conditioning/impaired perception of fearful faces
- electrical stimulation = autonomic reactions associated w/fear
CALDER et al (2001) - functional MRI studies = activated in response to emotional faces (mostly fear)
AMYGDALA X GENES
- genes influence brain’s negative emotion immediate/long-term reactions
HARIRI et al (2005) - L/L carriers had lower right-amygdala reactions to negative faces than s carriers
- for long-term, see CASPI et al (2003) in NVSN
MAJOR DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
MOOD - anxiety/helplessness - hopelessness/low self-esteem/pleasure/confidence - suicidality - guilt PSYCHOTIC - nihilistic delusions (ie. death/destruction) COG/BIO - poor sleep/appetite/concentration - reduced libido/energy/motivation
EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION IN DEPRESSIVES
- patients w/anxiety/depression often show subtle changes in sensitivity to emotional expression (emotional bias) ie. less sensitive to positive faces; more to negative (negative emotional bias)
SURGULADZE et al (2003) - compared w/healthy people, depressives = less likely to say a mildly happy face is happy
- aka. less sensitive to positive stimuli
AMYGDALA X DEPRESSION
SHELINE et al (2001)
- more left amygdala responses to negative faces compared to controls
- antidepressants lower amygdala response to negative faces (8w SSRI)
- question of which came first (ie. response/depression)
HARMER et al (2006)
- healthy pps given 7d antidepressants; lower recognition of negative emotion expressions
- antidepressants lower amygdala response to fear faces in healthy people
INSULA CORTEX X DISGUST
- animal studies = conditioned taste aversion in rats
MATAIX-COLS et al (2004) - OCD; elevated disgust associated w/washing symptoms
PENFIELD - human stimulation = perception of unpleasant tastes/nausea/salivation/swallowing
- human lesion = decreased subjective experience/recognition of disgust (ie. patient NK)
DISCRETE VS DIMENSIONAL EMOTIONS VIA BRAIN IMAGING
arousal = amygdala valence = orbitofrontal cortex happiness = dorsal anterior cingulate sadness = subgenual anterior cingulate fear = amygdala anger = orbitofrontal cortex disgust = anterior insula
