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cognition, emotion & development > Advanced Cognition and Emotion > Flashcards

Advanced Cognition and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

EFFECTS OF EMOTION ON COGNITION

A
  • emotional stimuli elicit automatic responses/grab attention; crit for survival/reproductive success so prioritised
  • “preparedness” evolved to phobic stimuli in natural world (ie. snakes) not modern dangers (ie. cars)
  • unconscious emotions (ie. from drinking/resting) can also influence beh
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2
Q

COGNITIVE BIAS TOWARDS EMOTIONAL STIMULI

A
  • classic tests from cog psych widely used to demonstrate influence of emotional stimuli on attention/memory/decision-making
  • oft used in clinical psych to assess role of cognitive biases in development/maintenance of disorders
  • some are being adapted to treatments to modify cognitive biases
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3
Q

ATTENTION

A
  • a process by which specific stimuli within the external/internal environment are selected for further processing
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4
Q

ATTENTION PARADIGMS

A
  • assess attentional bias
  • detection tasks
    GILBOA-SCHECTMAN et al (1999)
  • visual search task (cartoon frown among smiles)
  • if an individual is prone to attending a particular type of stimulus, they should detect it faster if located amongst distractors
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5
Q

EMOTIONAL STROOP TASK

A
  • oft taken to reflect attentional bias
  • “… read out loud colour in which words are printed; ignore content….”
  • compare RT when content = neutral/disorder-related
  • studies suggest fast/slow trials interference effects
    LIMITS
  • disorder-related words may induce internal attention (trigger rumination)
  • may induce emotional reaction that slows response
  • cognitive avoidance
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6
Q

ATTENTION PROBE TASK

A

MACLEOD et al (1986)
- attention bias = RT (neutral) - RT (emotional)
- but could involve either engagement/disengagement bias
GRAFTON et al (2012)
- distinguishes between engagement/disengagement biases; cue stimulus presented before/after target stimuli pairs

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7
Q

ATTENTIONAL BIAS

A
  • systematic tendency to attend to particular type of stimuli over others (ie. drug/negative related) over neutral stimuli
  • underlying process involved in range of disorders
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8
Q

AB X ANXIETY

A

BAR-HEIM et al (2007)
- reliable evidence of threatening info bias both subliminal/supraliminal (conscious) stimuli
ARMSTRONG & OLATUNJI (2012)
- eye-tracking suggests increased threat vigilance/slower disengagement

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9
Q

AB X DEPRESSION

A

PECKHAM et al (2010)
- greater lingering of attention on sad stimuli
ARMSTRONG & OLATUNJI (2012)
- eye-tracking shows gaze maintenance on sad stimuli > positive

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10
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN?

A

PREFRONTAL
- emotional stimuli cause early neuronal responses (100-120ms) prior identification (-170ms)
- can bias competition for processing resources; ^ visual cortex responses
AMYGDALA
- emotional stimuli cause ^ functional connectivity (synchronised activity) between amygdala/visual cortex
- lesions abolish emotional words bias
- visual info flows from primary visual area to temp cortex which projects back to all visual areas

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11
Q

MEMORY

A
  • 3 processing stages: encoding/storage/retrieval
  • each relevant to psychopathology development (ie. selective encoding/retrieval)
  • factors influence what is encoded/retrieved (ie. stimulus salience/mood/environment/the personally important)
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12
Q

THE WEAPON FOCUS EFFECT

A

LOFTUS (1979)

  • selective attention to memory; interaction proven
  • weapon captures victims attention; reduced ability to recall environmental/assailant details + assailant recognition later
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13
Q

AMYGDALA X AMYGDALA

A

HAMMAN et al (1999)

  • enhanced memory for positive/negative VS neutral scenes associated w/amygdala activity during encoding
  • amygdala damage reverses memory bias; question of retrieval of autobiographical memories
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14
Q

ERASING MEMORIES

A

LEDOUX & DAVIDSON

  • altering disturbing memories (ie. PTSD) can be helpful
  • research suggests memories can be modified via blocking reconsolidation, requiring amygdala protein synthesis
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15
Q

MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY

A
  • selective encoding/retrieval occurring while individual is in a mood state consistent w/affective material value
  • hypothesised to be a factor in depression maintenance; ^ depressed = ^ negative events/failures/losses recall
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16
Q

DEPRESSIVE SCHEMAS

A

EYSENCK & KEANE

  • earlier access/activation of associated sad representations in schema/semantic network
  • aspects of mood-congruent memory/thought congruity (ie. thinking of a bear and actually seeing one activates similar areas)
17
Q

ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS ON MEMORY

A

HARMER et al (2004)

  • pps showed faster reaction times classifying positive VS negative words + ^ immediate free recall of positive words after 7d antidepressant treatment
  • antidepressants increased positive bias in attention/memory in healthy controls
18
Q

COGNITIVE BIAS STRENGTH

A 
ANXIETY = future threat anticipation
- attentional bias (->0) = HIGH
- interpretive bias (0=-) = MEDIUM
- memory bias (->+/0) = LOW
DEPRESSION = replacing failed goals w/new ones
- attentional bias (->0) = LOW
- interpretive bias (0=-) = LOW
- memory bias (->+/0) = HIGH
19
Q

COGNITIVE BIAS MODIFICATION

A
  • cognitive bias tasks = treatments normalising abnormal cognitive bias
    BROWNING et al (2012)
  • attentional bias modification = patients w/anxiety/depression trained to attend away from negative stimuli; symptom reduction
20
Q

COG BIAS MOD X OBESITY

A

STICE & LAWRENCE et al (2017)

  • training attention/responses away from unhealthy to healthy food
  • intervention VS controls showed statsig reduced brain reward/attention region responses to high-calorie images; reduced monetary valuation of high-calories/greater body fat loss over 4w
21
Q

EMOTION REGULATION

A

OCHSNER & GROSS (2008)

  • management/control of emotional states via various processes (ie. selective attention/appraisal)
  • automatic/controlled; conscious/unconscious affecting points in emotion generative process
  • ACTIVE - PASSIVE; beh control (suppressing emotions) -> attentional control (distraction) -> cog change (reappraisal) = process of reinterpreting stimuli meaning to emotional response (ie. girl crying from joy not sadness)
22
Q

EMOTION GENERATIVE PROCESS

A

GROSS & THOMPSON (2007)

  • situation -> attention -> appraisal -> response
  • situation selection -> situation modification -> attention deployment -> cognitive change -> response modulation
23
Q

COMPLEX EMOTION REGULATION PROCESS

A

ATTENTIONAL CONTROL -> COGNITIVE CHANGE

  • selective inattention to emotional stimuli
  • performing distracting secondary tasks
  • attention to/judgement of emotional VS neutral stimuli attributions
  • anticipatory/expectancy driven emotion
  • S-R reversal/extinction
  • placebo
  • top-down appraisal
  • reappraisal
24
Q

EMOTION REGLATION (NEURO TERMS)

A

PHILLIPS et al (2003)

  • REGULATION =
  • DLPFC/DMPFC
  • Dorsal ACG
  • hippocampus
  • AFFECTIVE STATE =
  • amygdala/insula
  • VLPFC/orbitofrontal cortex/ventral ACG
  • thalamus/ventral striatum/brainstem nuclei
25
Q

DISTRACTION VS REAPPRAISAL

A

VAN DILLEN et al (2007)

- may work via occupying limited capacity of working memory w/info displacing negative emotional material

26
Q

ER X AMYGDALA

A
  • prefrontal cortex dampens amygdala response

- reduction in activity for conjunction of reappraisal/distractions

27
Q

ERR X AMYGDALA

A

SIEGLE et al (2002)
+ word (150ms) = positive/negative/neutral? -> XXXXXX (9s) emotion (valence identification)
- sustained amygdala response to negative emotional words in depression
- decreased emotion regulation in depression = inverse relationship between DLPFC + amygdala response to - words

28
Q

ABNORMAL EMOTION REGULATION IN DEPRESSION

A

MITTERSCHIFTHALER et al (2008)
- response to negative VS neutral words in depression
- faster reaction times for negatives; overall slower for controls
ELLIOTT et al (2002)
- bias towards sad targets in depression linked to ^ anterior cingulate response
FU et al (2004)
- decreases in ventral anterior cingulate responses to increasing intensity sad faces correlated w/antidepressant response

29
Q

DEPRESSION TARGETING BRAIN TREATMENT

A

LEAST - MOST INVASTIVE:

  • transcranial direct current stimulation
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • deep brain stimulation (shows overactive brain region linked to sadness)
30
Q

BRAIN TRAINING IMPROVING EMOTION REGULATION

A

SCHWEIZER et al (2012)

  • groups receive 20d of emotional working memory training/control training
  • activates working memory network (fronto-parietal regions); deactivates emotional regions (amygdala/insula)
  • task performance improves w/training + on untrained emotion regulation tasks
31
Q

VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

A
  • lesions = widespread impairment of emotional expression identification (visual/auditory)/disinhibition/impulsiveness/misinterpretation of others moods = impaired decision making
32
Q

FRONTAL LOBE INJURY

A
  • ie. PHINEAS GAGE (1848)
  • lasting effects in personality; previously kind/thoughtful; now rude/antisocial; friends said he was “no longer Gage”
  • physician Harlow said equilibrium between faculties/animal propensities = destroyed
  • Gage = fitful/irreverant/indulging in gross profanities; little deference for friends; impatient of restraint/advice conflicting w/wants
  • emotional/social beh permanently altered via damage

cognition, emotion & development (17 decks)

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