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EPHE 341 > EMG > Flashcards

EMG Flashcards

1
Q

What does electro mean

A

Electrical

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2
Q

What does myo mean

A

muscle

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3
Q

What does graphy mean

A

representation writing description

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4
Q

what is EMG

A

A visual or numeric representation of the electrical actitivity associated with muscle contraction

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5
Q

What is EMG used for

A

To record, analyze and interpret these biological signals to understand how the nervous system controls the muscles of the body in pathological and healthy conditions

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6
Q

A muscle fibre is made up from a lot of ____

A

fascicles

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7
Q

A fascicle is made up of multiple ___

A

muscle fibres

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8
Q

Fast twitch muscles are fast to…

A

contract and fatigue

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9
Q

____ fibres are recruited first

A

slow

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10
Q

In imaging slow fibres are ____ because of ____

A

darker because of high levels of myoglobin

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11
Q

The amount of fast and slow twitch fibres is different depending on…

A

muscle

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12
Q

Each Muscle is made up of many units of contraction called

A

motor units

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13
Q

What is a motor unit

A

a motor nerve and all the muscle fibres that it innervates

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14
Q

A descending motor command that excites the motor nerve will cause…

A

a contraction of all the muscle fibres in the motor unit synchronously (all of none response, causes all the muscle fibres that it innervates to contract)

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15
Q

Motor nerves attach to…

A

muscle fibres

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16
Q

a motor nerve and all the fibres that it innervates are called a

A

Motor unit

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17
Q

Are the muscle fibres in a given motor unit the same or different type (type 1 vs Type 2)

A

all the same!!

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18
Q

Motor units can be classified as ___ or ____

A

size! small or large

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19
Q

Most large motor units are _____

A

fast twitch

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20
Q

Most small motor units are )____

A

slow twitch

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21
Q

Which motor units get recruited first to produce force

A

small slow twitch motor units

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22
Q

If you want smooth contraction you want ____ fibres first

A

slow twitch - avoids jerky movements

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23
Q

Because of the neural organization of muscles the nervous system can vary the contraction by

A

selectively altering the number of motor units recruited and how often those motor units fire

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24
Q

What is the recruitement of motor units controlled by

A

the rate of action potentials that are sent to the spinal cord from the primary motor cortex

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25
Q

Neural signals travel along the ______ and disperse through the ____

A

motor nerves axon and

muscle fibres it innervates

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26
Q

How does the neural signal travelling to a muscle fibre propogate

A

Through the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the neurolemma and sarcolemma

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27
Q

The mechanism of communication along nerves to control muscles is through…

A

Electrochemical reactions that result in an action potential

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28
Q

Movement of the basic structural components of muscle is produced through …

A

the propagation of AP within the muscle through a process called excitation-contraction coupling

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29
Q

We know that there is a ____ associated with the contraction

A

electrical signal - this is what we collect

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30
Q

what are the two commonly used methods of recording EMG

A
  1. In-dwelling Electrodes

2. Surface electrodes

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31
Q

What are In-dwelling Electrodes

A

Small little fine wire with needle electrodes made of fine wire hook onto and record the electrical signals from individual muscle fibres

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32
Q

What are the advantages to In-dwelling electrodes

A
  • Record activity from a single motor unit
  • Access to deep musculature
  • Little cross talk
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33
Q

What are the disadvantages of in-dwelling electrodes

A
  • Can be painful to participants
  • single motor unit may not be representative of entire muscle
  • Limitations with recording dynamic muscl activity
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34
Q

How do surface electrodes work

A

Surface EMG electrodes work in pairs by recording the difference in the electrical signals between each electrodes of the pair

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35
Q

What is the EMG recorded with surface electrodes

A

The algebraic sum of all motor unit firings near the electrode at that point in time

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36
Q

What are advantages to surface electrodes

A
  • Easy to record
  • Minimal discomfort to participants
  • provides indication of global muscle activity
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of surface electrodes

A
  • Can be used only for superficial muscles
  • Signal contaminated by cross-talk
  • May affect movement patterns of subject
38
Q

What are we actually listening to in the muscle

A

As action potentials travel along the muscle fibres EMG electrodes measure the change in voltage that accompany the AP travel. You should be able to hear this anywhere along the electrode (not just at EMJ)

39
Q

What occurs as the AP passes the electrode

A

its amplitude is read as a change in voltage by the sensor

40
Q

What is a problem with a single or un polar electrode

A

the EMG signal is very small and the measurement is very sensitive to electrical charge. The noise is much larger than signal

41
Q

What is a problem with a single or un polar electrode

A

the EMG signal is very small and the measurement is very sensitive to electrical charge. The noise is much larger than signal

42
Q

What is a bipolar electrode

A

Two nearby electrodes that independently listen for AP passing. since they are spaced they here the AP at slightly different times

43
Q

In bipolar electrodes do both electrodes hear the signal and the noise?

A

yes

44
Q

What is used to subtract the two signals from a bipolar electrode system

A

differential amplifier

45
Q

In a bipolar electrode, what are you left with when you subtract the two recordings

A

just the signal, no noise!!

46
Q

Does the AP following subtraction in bipolar electrode measurement represent the true AP

A

No it is the motor unit action potential, contains same information in terms of amplitude and timing

47
Q

What occurs when you have multiple motor units firing (which is almost always)

A

Have to sum all motor units together and get slightly noisy signal

48
Q

What is the new signal (subtracted signal from bipolar electrodes) called

A

The motor unit action potential

49
Q

Each motor unit has its own characteristic ____

A

MUAP

50
Q

What are MUAPs based off of

A

the properties of the muscle fibres within the motor unit (number of fibres, fibre type)

51
Q

What is the surface EMG signal the sum of?

A

all the MUAP’s which gives us a gross approximation of the activity of the whole muscle based on certain characteristics

52
Q

What are the characteristics included a MUAP

A

timing, rate of force development, fatigue

53
Q

What is the orderly recruitment of motor units from small to large called

A

Henneman Size principle

54
Q

What does Henneman Size principle allow for

A

smooth, non jerky production of force and preferentially relies upon the non-fatiguable motor units. allows the whole muscle to resist fatigue

55
Q

how should electrodes be placed on the muscle

A

Orientated so that the MUAP pass parallel to the shortest distance between electrodes, perpendicular to the travel of the AP and placed on the muscle belly yet not on the innervation zone (motor end plate)

56
Q

placement of the electrodes at different points on the muscle will result in

A

a different measurement of the muscle activity. This is based on the MUAP in proximity to the electrode

57
Q

Why wont electrodes placed on a tendon collect a signal

A

because the MUAP will not travel along the tendon

58
Q

Why dont you want to place electrodes on the innervation zone

A

This will result in a cancellation of the signal

59
Q

What are 4 key points for electrode placement

A
  • Muscle belly
  • Avoid tendon and lateral edge of muscle
  • Align electrodes parallel with muscle fibers
  • Proximity to motor point or innervation zone (place electrode on midline of muscle belly midway between tendon and nearest innervation zone )
60
Q

EMG can be used as a indirect measure of ____

A

muscle force

61
Q

Why is EMG used as an indirect measure of muscle force

A

because EME is a measure of the electrical event associated with muscle contraction

62
Q

Why can EMG tell us about important neuron information

A

Because it also contains information about the motor units that are firing and when they fire

63
Q

What can EMG signal tell us about

A
  • Timing of muscle activity
  • Force
  • muscle fatigue
64
Q

The raw EMG can be analyzed without processing to tell us information about ____

A

timing (onset/offset of the signal )

65
Q

The most common way to process the EMG is to ..

A

produce an average value associated with its magnitude

66
Q

What are the 2 simple steps to process the EMG is to produce an average value associated with its magnitude.

A
  1. Take the absolute value of the signal (this is called full-wave rectification)
  2. Take an average value over a certain time period
67
Q

What is full-wave rectification

A

The absolute value of the signal

68
Q

___ is a common first step in EMG Processing

A

Full-wave rectification

69
Q

What are two ways to take an average magnitude value of the EMG signal.

A
  1. Taking the root mean square

2. Take an average value is to use “filters” to take a more instantaneous average of the signal

70
Q

What is the resulting tracing following taking a average value over a certain time period called

A

A linear envelope - this is any filtering that gives you a smooth line

71
Q

By processing an EMG signal through two steps it can help us…

A

to quantify and visualize muscle activity during tasks with respect to timing and force of muscle activity

72
Q

DO the first two steps of EMG processing give us force?

A

No they give us electrical activity

73
Q

How do we turn EMG signal electrical activity and determine force

A

Calibrate it (using voltage output of EMG and weight being lifted)

74
Q

Does calibration of EMG work well?

A

Kinda.. mostly just in static contractions, not in dynamic contractions

75
Q

What is important consideration when attempting to relate EMG to muscle force or movement

A

the electromechanical delay and the non-linear relation of EMG to muscle force

76
Q

What is the electromechanical delay

A

The delay between neural activiaation of a muscle and the development of muscle tension

77
Q

How long is the electromechanical delay ? what does its length depend on

A

Approximately 30-50 ms. The muscle and the joint

78
Q

What is seen by EMG when fatigue occurs

A

A single MUAP decrease in amplitude with fatigue

79
Q

Surface EMG of a submaximal contraction ____ in amplitude with ____ muscle fatigue

A

Increases

Increasing

80
Q

What do we see an increase in surface EMG amplitude with increasing muscle fatigue?

A

More motor units are recruited to produce the same force output

81
Q

The frequency of MUAP firing relates to …

A

The type of muscle fibres active (

82
Q

Fast fibres have a ____ median frequency

A

higher

83
Q

slow fibres have a ____ median frequency

A

lower

84
Q

During fatiguing contractions there is a tendency for frequency spectrum of EMG to

A

decrease MF and decrease dispersion (thin)

85
Q

EMG signal can be analyzed for what

different parameters?

A

Fatigue
Coordination
Force

86
Q

What is seen with fatigue on EMG signals

A
  • Decrease in single MUAP
  • Increase in surface EMG during fatiguing contraction
  • Change in frequency component
87
Q

What are some considerations for EMG set up

A
  • Must ensure that the site that the EMG electrode is placed is properly cleaned and prepared
    • tissue (skin, subcutaneous fat) acts as a filter
    • Clean skin with alcohol (definitely)
    • Shave hair (only excess)
    • Lightly abrade skin (? P with sandpaper)
    • Use electrode electrolyte (gel, paste, cream)
88
Q

What are some considerations for EMG analysis

A

• EMG must be normalized (become a relative measure) to
allow comparison between subjects and condition
• Norm EMG = EMG / (max EMG); MVC, MVIC

EPHE 341 (17 decks)

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