Emerging viruses Flashcards
how did hantavirus emerge in 1993 in four states of US?
increased contact with mice (the virus host) because of:
high rainfall, increasing the food supply, and increasing the mouse population
control for the hantavirus
no therapies
avoid contact with rodents
what kinds of disease do arboviruses cause?
fever with or w/o maculopapular rash
encephalitis
hemorrhagic fever
how did West Nile cases emerge in the U.S.?
introduction of either bird/arthropod/human to new area
what is the reservoir for West Nile virus
birds
How do humans get West Nile virus?
arthropod transmits from bird to human
Does West Nile transmit human to human?
usually not because viremia is low for the arthropod to pick up
symptoms of West Nile
fever, fatigue, headache, skin rash
severe: meningitis, encephalitis
How to diagnose West Nile
high clinical suspicion, results from lab
- think about West Nile for adults older than 50 with unexplained enchephalitis or meningitis in summer or fall
- if there’s local cases of dead birds
How many serotypes of Dengue virus are there?
four
how is dangue virus transmitted?
mosquito from human or monkey
symptoms of dengue virus
dengue fever: fever, muscle and bone pain
hemorrhagic fever
Dengue hemorrhagic fever and Dengue shock syndrome
happens when someone w/ antibodies for one serotype of Dengue virus is infected with another serotype
the non-neutralizing antibody may increase infection in macrophages and cause production of cytokines
How do you diagnose Dengue hemorrhagic fever
tourniquet test
ELISA for figuring out which antibodies the pt has (for which Dengue serotypes)
How is Dengue emerging?
mosquito spread–stopped the mosquito eradication program in 1970s
