Emergency Procedures Flashcards
What is a spin?
Controlled or uncontrolled maneuver where the aircraft descends in a helical path which flying at an AOA greater than critical AOA.
Result from aggravated stalls in slip or skid
If stall doesn’t occur, spin cannot occur
In a stall one wing usually drops first and the nose will yaw in direction on low wing
Where might an unintentional spin occur?
Engine failure on takeoff during climb out.
Cross controlled turn from base to final.
Engine failure on approach
Go around with excessive nose up trim
Go around with improper flap retraction
Spin recovery procedure?
Power to idle
Ailerons neutral
Rudder full opposite
Elevator down
After spin stops, neutralize rudder and apply back pressure to raise nose
What does an aft center of gravity do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?
Recover becomes more difficult as CG moves aft.
What load factor is present in a spin?
Slightly above the 1G load of level flight. Because airspeed is low and the plane pivots rather than turns
What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power inflight?
Maintain suitable airspeed Select landing area Cabin flow checklist -carb heat -fuel/selector -mixture -primer (in and locked) -mags
Procedure for complete engine failure on takeoff
Throttle idle Brakes Flaps up Mixture idle cut off Ignition off Master off
Procedure if engine fails immediately after takeoff?
Best glide Pick a landing site straight ahead Mixture idle cut off Fuel selector off Ignition off Flaps as required Master off
Procedure for engine failure enroute
Best glide Select base Attempt restart(time permitting) -Carb heat on -Fuel selector both -mixture rich -ignition both (if prop stopped, turn back to start) -primer in and locked
Procedure for engine failure and forced landing
Best glide Best base Attempt restart (time permitting) Transponder 7700 Transmit mayday message on 121.5 Spiral down to approach end of site Forced landing checklist
Forced landing checklist
Best glide Mixture idle cut off Fuel selector off Ignition off Flaps as required Doors unlatched Master off Touch down tail low Brake heavily
Ditching check list
Transponder 7700 Transmit May Day Secure or jettison heavy objects Landing gear up Flaps 20-30 300fpm/60KIAS Approach and land parallel to sea swells in light winds. Into wind with high wind/heavy sea Open doors Touchdown level Protect body Evacuate (open windows to equalize pressure)
What is detonation?
What might cause it?
What action should be taken?
Uncontrolled, explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture in cylinder. Causes excessive temp and pressure
Lower than recommended fuel grade High manifold pressure with low rpm High power with lean mixture Extended ground operations Steep climbs
Use proper grade fuel Cool flaps full open Enrich mixture for take off and initial climb Shallow climb angle to increase cooling Avoid high power extended steep climbs Monitor engine instruments
What is preignition?
What causes?
What actions should be taken?
When fuel/air mixture ignited prior to the normal ignition event.
Hot spots in combustion chamber
Carbon deposit on spark plug
Other damage that causes a part to heat
Use proper fuel grade
keep engine cool by operating within temp/pressure/rpm ranges
What to do if engine runs rough in heavy rain?
Induction air filter might be water saturated. Use carb heat
What to do if engine driven fuel pump fails?
Gravity flow will provide enough fuel in level or descending flight. Use auxiliary pump when climbing
What minimizes spark plug fouling?
Lean the mixture properly
Excessively rich mixture causes unburned carbon and lead deposits on spark plugs
During a XC flight the oil pressure is low but oil temp is normal, what’s the problem? What should you do?
Most likely not enough oil
Possibly a clogged valve or gauge malfunction. Land at nearest airport.
Loss of oil pressure and rising oil temp indicates what?
Oil required for cooling is gone and engine failure is imminent. Reduce throttle and land ASAP using minimum power to reach landing area
Engine fire on ground during start up?
Continue starting…
If it starts, increase power to higher rpm for a few moments then shut down and inspect
If it does not start, full throttle and mixture idle cut off. Continue cranking.
If fire continues… obtain fire extinguisher and assistance and master off, ignition off, fuel selector off, evacuate and fight fire
Engine fire inflight?
Mixture idle cut off Fuel selector off Master off Cabin heat and air vents off Establish 105KIAS increase descent as necessary Execute forced landing
Electrical fire in aircraft
Check all circuit breakers, if odor continues... Master off Avionics off All switched except ignition off Close all heat/air vents Use fire extinguisher
Post electrical fire procedure
Turn master on Check circuit breakers DO NOT RESET Radio switches off Avionics on Cautiously turn on radio and electrical switches with short delay after each one
Cabin fire in flight?
Master off
Close all air/heat vent
Use fire extinguisher
Land ASAP
Wing fire in flight
Nav, strobe lights off
Pitot heat off
Side slip to keep flames from fuel tank and cabin area
Describe the 3 different types of icing?
Induction Structural -clear ice (smooth solid sheet) -rime (droplets freeze before spreading) -mixed (both clear and time) Instrument
What is necessary for structural ice to occur?
Flying through visible water (rain or cloud droplets) and temp 0 or colder where moisture strikes aircraft
Which is more dangerous, rime or clear ice?
Clear ice
It is hard and heavy and removal by deicing equipment is difficult
What should you be aware of with respect to icing in preflight planning?
Location of fronts- location, type, speed, direction
Cloud layers-can you go over or above
Freezing levels- how to avoid and how to exit icing conditions if accidentally encountered
Air temp and pressure- icing usually found in low pressure area at temps around freezing
What is the “freezing level”?
Lowest air where the temperature is 0 over a given area. There can be multiple freezing levels when temp inversions occur
Procedure if icing is accidentally encountered?
Leave area of visible moisture. Do not procrastinate if you ascend. If you descend you must know temp of air and terrain below.
Pitot on Carb heat Cabin heat Increase throttle Lean for max rpm Higher stall speeds Leave flaps retracted
If you’ve encountered ice, hoe would your approach to landing differ?
Maintain more power Higher airspeed Expect higher stall speed Longer landing roll No flaps recommended Stay higher Avoid missed approach
What type if precipitation produces the most hazardous icing?
Freezing rain
Does stall warning system have any protection from ice?
No
What causes carb ice and what are it’s indications?
Vaporization of air combined with expansion of air as it passes through the carburetor, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture. Can drop as much as 60 degrees. If temp in carb reaches 32 or less the moisture becomes frost or ice in carburetor
First indication is loss of rpm
Loss of manifold pressure in constant speed propeller
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
Temps below 70F and humidity above 80%
BUT could also occur at 100F and 50% humidity
If the airplane has anti icing or deicing equipment, can it be flown into icing conditions?
No necessarily, check POH, placards etc
If flying an aircraft in FIKI… what is a roll upset?
Uncommanded and uncontrolled roll phenomena associated with severe inflight icing.
Caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall)
Severe icing is outside akicing envelope. Don’t go there
What is meant by decompression?
What are the types?
What are the dangers?
Inability of the aircraft pressure system to maintain the designed pressure
Explosive: less than .5 seconds, faster than lungs can decompress. Dangerous
Rapid: lungs decompress faster than the cabin.
Hypoxia
Being blown out of the airplane
The bends
Exposure to wind blast and extreme cold
When would an emergency descent be necessary?
What’s the procedure?
Uncontrollable fire, loss of cabin pressure
Power idle
30-45 degree bank
If applicable… prop control to low pitch and extend landing gear
What are the standards for demonstrating an emergency descent?
Knowledge of related elements
Recognize situation that require it
Appropriate airspeed +- 10kts
Exhibit orientation, division of attention, planing
Maintain positive load factor
Maintain appropriate airspeed and level off at specified altitude
Complete check list
What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes?
If drain hole is clear, airspeed drops to 0, alt and vsi Normal
If drain hole also blocked, asi acts as alt, at and vsi normal
What instruments are affected when static port freezes?
ASI- accurate at frozen altitude
ALT- indicates altitude at which system was blocked
VSI- indicates level flight
What action must be taken if the pitot tube/static port freezes?
Pitot tube: turn on pitot heat
Static port: use alternate if available or break face of static instrument (vsi)
What indications would you expect on alternate air?
Altimeter reads higher
Airspeed reads faster
Vertical speed indicates climb
What instruments can still be used in event of complete vacuum system failure in IMC?
Turn coordinator (bank) Magnetic compass (bank) Airspeed (pitch) Altimeter (pitch) VSI (pitch)
What would a positive or negative deflection of the ammeter mean both after starting and Inflight?
Positive
- after start- power from battery is being replenished by alternator
- inflight: faulty regulator causing alternator to over charge battery
Negative
- after start: normal during start, other times indicates alternator is not functioning and battery is not being charged
- inflight: alternator not functioning, battery not charging.
What action should be taken if the ammeter shows a continuous discharge (left needle) while in flight?
Check master and alternator circuit breaker, maybe reset. If problem continues, pull alternator circuit breaker, turn off all non essential electrical equipment, land ASAP
What action should be taken if ammeter shows continuous charge (right needle) in flight?
Battery could over heat and possibly explode. Pull alternator circuit breaker, turn off all non essential electrical equipment, land ASAP.
If landing gear down indication is not received, what action is recommended first?
Check…
Master ON
Landing gear and gear pump circuit breakers are IN
Check both landing gear position indicators.
If bulb is burnt out, you can use another as a temporary replacement
What to do if landing gear fails to retract after takeoff?
Check…
Master ON
Gear lever FULL UP position
Gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN
Clear up light
Recycle landing gear lever
Check for motor operation by watching ammeter and listening for the noise
*if you still hear the gear motor after 1 minute, pull out the gear pump circuit breaker to avoid overheating. Reinstall when needed for landing
How is the emergency gear extension system operated?
There is a hand pump located between front seats. Manually extends gear in hydraulic failure
Procedure if landing gear does not extend normally?
Check…
Master ON
Landing gear lever DOWN
Gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN
Extend handle and pump emergency hand pump until heavy resistance (30-40 pumps)
Gear down light ON
Secure pump handle
What do you do if gear won’t go down even after trying the hand pump?
Gear up landing
- complete before landing checklist
- normal approach configuration with full flaps
- gear pump/landing gear circuit breakers IN
- tail low landing
- minimum breaking
- taxi slowly
- shut down and inspect
Procedure for flat main landing gear tire?
Normal approach configuration full flaps
Touchdown with good tire first, keep flat tire off ground as long a possible
Use braking as required in good wheel to maintain directional control
Why should taxing on slush, snow, or ice be avoided in retractable gear airplane?
Mid and slush can be thrown into wheel wells and freeze inflight causing operational problems
What is an asymmetrical flap emergency and how do you deal with it?
When flaps on one side deploy but the other side does not.
Use opposite aileron and rudder to counter. You will be in a cross controlled position. Fly approach with higher than normal airspeed and don’t flare excessively
What procedure for loss of elevator control?
Level flight Trim for 60 Flaps 20 Maintain glide angle with throttle At landing flare, trim full nose up and reduce power, close throttle at touch down
Inadvertent door opening
Establish straight and level flight
Trim for 80
Open a window
Push outward then pull door closed and lock it
What if baggage door opens in flight?
Bc of location of the door, it tends to remain closed due to airflow pressure
Factors to consider when choosing survival equipment?
Climate
Terrain
Additional equipment required for aircraft operated for hire over water beyond power off glide distance from shore?
Approved flotation gear readily available for each occupant and at least one pyrotechnic signal device
What do you have in the aircraft that can be used for survival?
Compass Gasoline (make fire) Oil (smoke signal) Upholstery (warmth) Wiring (tie string) Battery (ignite fuel)
Pax briefing
Seatbelt-slide flat metal end into buckle, to release lift up. Low and tight.
Air vents-pull out to turn on, push in to turn off
Fire extinguisher- location, charged, use
Emergency exit- location, open doors just prior to landing, get out immediately
Talking- no unnecessary talking during take off and landing. If I hold my hand up, that means be quiet so I can hear the radio.
You have questions?
Inadvertent flight into clouds
Note heading
Use TC standard rate 180 turn
Low oil pressure with normal oil temp?
Low oil pressure with high oil temp?
Land at nearest airport
Engine failure likely imminent. Reduce power, pick a base to land, use minimum power
Excessive rate of charge
Attempt to reactivate alternator by switching master (both) off and back on. If high volts light comes on again, flight should be terminated and malfunction inspected. Reserve as much electrical power as possible.
