Cross Country Planning Flashcards
What is an HSI?
Horizontal situation indicator
What is DME?
Distance measuring equipment. Airborne and ground. Slant range distance in nautical miles
What is the effective range distance for DME?
Line of sight principle. Reliable signals up to 199NM at line of sight altitude. Better than .5 mile accuracy or 3% of distance, whichever is greater
Describe GPS
Global Positioning System
Satellite based radio navigation. The receiver trackers multiple satellites
Can handheld GPS receivers and GPS systems certified for VFR operations be used for IFR operations?
No…
No raim alerting capability (loss of required number of satellites in view)
Database currency
Antenna location
Can only be used for situational awareness
What preflight for an IFR flight using GPS must be done?
GPS properly installed and certified
Navigation database current
GPS and WAAS notams
GPS raim availability
Operational status of ground based NAVAIDS
How often must the navigation database be updated?
Every 28 days
Methods for checking VOR equipment?
VOT +\-4 Ground check +\-4 Airborne check +\-6 Dual VOR 4• between each other Select radial over know ground point +\-6
What records should be kept concerning VOR checks
Each person enters date,place, bearing error, signature
Where can you find the location of the nearest VOT testing station?
Airport facility directory
How do you check the course sensitivity on a VOR receiver?
Record number of degrees of change in course selected as you rotate the OBS to move the CDI from center to last dot. Should not exceed 10 or 12 either side
How can you determine if a VOR is out of service?
Removal of identification
Describe NDB/ADF nav system
Non directional radio beacon (NDB) is a ground based radio transmitter which transmits in all directions. The automatic direction finder (ADF) when used with an NDB determines bearing from the aircraft to the NDB station.
If a diversion is necessary, what procedure should be used?
Consider distance to all alternates
Select most appropriate
Determine magnetic course and divert immediately
Wind correction, actual distance, and estimated time/fuel can be computed enroute
How to enter/depart airports with no tower.
Enter Midfield downwind at pattern altitude.
Depart straight out or 45 degree turn in pattern direction
Monitor and communicate on CTAF from 10 miles to landing and from start up to 10 miles out.
A large or turbine aircraft must enter class D at what altitude?
1,500 AGL
Both transmitter and receiver are inop. How do you land at controlled airport?
Remain outside or above class D surface area
Determine direction and flow of traffic
Join traffic pattern and wait for light gun
Daytime, acknowledge by rocking wings. Night, acknowledge by flashing landing light
When conducting flight operations into an airport with operating control tower, when should initial contact be made?
15 miles out Establish and maintain 2way radio contact with tower in class B, C, and D
What communication procedures are recommended when departing class D airport?
Best practice is to remain on frequency with tower until advised otherwise or you exit the airspace
What happens to the airspace of a class D airport when the tower ceased operations?
Airspace becomes class E or combination of class E to 700 then G to surface. Check A/FD for specifics
Why would an airport’s rotating beacon be on during daylight hours?
Indicated ground visibility is less than 3 miles and ceiling less than 1,000 ft. Not a regulatory requirement. Flight plan properly
Describe various runway markings?
Runway designator Runway centerline marking Runway aiming point markers Runway touchdown zone markers Runway side stripe markings Runway shoulder markings Runway threshold markings
Runway designators: runway number is the whole number nearest 1/10th the azimuth of the centerline of the runway measured clockwise from magnetic north
Runway centerline marking- center of runway, provides alignment guidance
Runway aiming point markings- 1000ft from runway threshold, large white rectangles
Runway touchdown zone markers- provide distance info in 500 ft increments, groups of 1,2,and 3 arranged in pairs about the centerline
Runway side stripe markings- continuous white strip on each side of runway marking the edge
Runway should marking- supplement to side stripes, painted yellow
Runway threshold markings- identifies beginning or runway available for landing. Either 8 stripes on either side of centerline or number of stripes relates to runway width
Color difference between taxiway direction signs and taxiway location signs
Taxiway direction- yellow sign with black inscription
Taxiway location- black sign with yellow inscription
6 types of signs on airports
Mandatory instruction- red back, white inscription. Hazard areas
Location- black back, yellow inscription (taxiway or runway)
Direction- yellow back, black inscription
Destination- yellow back, black inscription
Information- yellow back, black inscription
Runway distance remaining- black back, white numbers, distance in 1,000s ft
What is LAHSO?
Land and hold short operations
Controller may clear a pilot to land and hold short of an intersecting runway or taxiway. Up to PIC to determine if they can land and hold short safely or not.
Where can available landing distance be found?
A/FD or ask controller
What visual aids help a pilot in determining where to hold short during LAHSO procedures?
Yellow hold short markings
Red/white signage
Sometimes In pavement lighting
Describe a displaced threshold
Threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway
Describe tri-color VASI system
Amber-above
Green- on
Red- below
The glidepath
What is PVASI?
Pulsating VASI
Pulsating white-above
Steady white- on
Steady red- slightly below
Pulsating red- well below
The gladepath
What Information should your preflight for taxi operations include?
Signs, markings, lighting
Planned taxi route
Hot spots
NOTAMS
Include taxi in preflight briefing
Plan for complex times like intersections and runway crossings
Complete as many checklists as possible prior to taxiing
What is a “hot spot”?
Safety related problem area or intersection. Be vigilant
Why is “sterile cockpit” important for taxi ops?
You must be focused, keep no on essential conversation to a minimum, brief pax on importance
Recommended practices for maintaining situational awareness during taxi?
Have airport diagram out Monitor ATC instruction to others Focus outside cockpit Visually check for conflicting traffic at intersections Verbalize “clear right clear left” Be alert for similar call signs If in doubt..:ASK!
How should you use exterior lights for surface operations?
Beacon on if engine is running Taxi, nav, pos light prior to taxi All exterior lights when crossing a runway Entering runway, all but TO/LDG Cleared for takeoff- ALL
When taxiing at non towered airports, what should you do prior to entering or crossing runway?
Listen on CTAF
Scan full length of runway incl app/dep paths
Self announce position and intent
Can a commercial pilot allow pax on board with alcohol with purpose of consumption?
No, but there’s no reg, except they can’t be drunk. So yes but no bc it’s not smart.
No one can act as crew member with BAC of…
0.04% or more
When are PEDs not allowed?
Aircraft operates by holder of air carrier operator certificate
Any other aircraft operating IFR
Exception to PED rule?
Portable voice recorders Hearing aids Pace maker Electric shavers Any other devices that the operator determines will not interfere with nav/com system
Required preflight for any flights leaving vicinity of departure airport.
Weather Known ATC delays Runway lengths of intended use Alternates Fuel requirements TOLD data
When are crew members required to wear seat belt?
Taxi, takeoff, landing, enroute while at station
Shoulder harness for take off and landing
During any surface movement
Can pax be carried for hire in arranged formation flight?
No
Max speed allowed operating in class B under 10,000 ft and in class D surface area?
At or below 2,500 above and 4NM of class C or D - 200kt
Above that but below 10,000 in B- 250kt
Regulations for altimeter setting procedures
Current reported altimeter setting of station along route eithin 100nm of aircraft
If none, appropriate available station
If you don’t have a radio… elevation of departure airport or altimeter setting before departure
Above 18,000 set to 29.92
Mandatory fuel requirements for for VFR and IFR day and night?
VFR(day) - first point of I tended landing plus 30 min
VFR (night) - first point plus 45
IFR - first point, plus alternate, plus 45 normal cruise. If no alternate required, first point plus 45
Cloud clearance and vis for VFR flight…
C, D, E controlled under 10, over 10?
G uncontrolled above/below 1200 AGL day and night?
CDE above 10 - 5sm,1,1,1
CDE below 10 - 3,1,5,2
G 1200 AGL or less day- 1 and clear
Night- 3,1,5,2
G 1201-9,999 day - 1,1,5,2
G 1201-9,999 night - 3,1,5,2
With IFR ops what min altitudes are required over surrounding terrain?
If no min altitudes apply…
- mountainous 2,000 above highest obstacle within 4NM of course
- non mountainous 1,000 ft above highest obstacle within 4NM of course
When would ELT not be required?
Ferrying for ELT installation
Ferrying for ELT repair
Training flights within 50 nm radius of airport
When is altitude encoding transponder required?
At or above 10,000 MSL over 48 states and DC, excluding airspace below 2,500 AGL
Within 30 miles of Class B primary airport under 10,000
Within and above class C up to 10,000
All aircraft flying into, within, or across the contiguous states ADIZ
Where can aerobatic maneuvers not be done?
Over congested area Open air assembly Within 4 nm of centerline of airway Below 1,500 AGL With less than 3 miles vis
When must each occupant of aircraft wear a parachute?
If you intentionally bank 60 or nose up or down 30 relative to horizon
Regulation does not apply to flight test for pilot ratings/certificates
What is required to operate an aircraft towing advertisement banner?
Certificate of waiver issued by administrator
What categories if aircraft CANNOT be used to carry pax or property for hire?
Restricted
Limited
Experimental
What is primary and secondary radar?
Primary radar is where a radio pulse is transmitted from a site and then reflected back by the object to ATC
Secondary radar is where the object is fitted with a transponder and the interrogator triggers a response transmission received by ATC rather than a reflected signal
What is airport surveillance radar?
ASR is approach control radar to detect and display aircraft position in terminal area
Describe various types of terminal radar services
Basic radar service- safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited vectoring
TRSA - sequencing and separation for participants in VFR
Class C service- basic plus separation between IFR and VFR and sequencing VFR arrivals
Class B service- basic, sequencing, and separation of IFR, VFR, and/or weight
Are any other frequencies monitored by most FSSS besides 121.5?
Usually 122.2
If you’re operating outside airspace that requires a transponder, can you leave it off?
No. Use it if you have it any time you are airborne
At what altitude would you expect to encounter military aircraft when passing through a military training route? VR1207
Less than 1,500 AGL
No segments above 1,500 AGL are 4 digits
3!digits if it has segments above 1,500 AGL
What is a composite flight plan?
A flight plan that includes both a VFR and an IFR portion
What is an abbreviated IFR flight plan?
“Pop up” IFR flight plan which gives only the information necessary for ATC. Usually utilized by an airborne pilot who would like an instrument approach or climb through a cloud layer to get be VFR on top
How long does a flight plan remain on file past departure time?
Unactivated flight plans will be deleted 1 hr past departure time
If you fail to report a change or close your flight plan, when will search and rescue procedures begin?
Within 1/2 hr of ETA
What constitutes a change in flight plan?
Altitude
Destination
Route
Speed +- 5 % or 10kts
Advise ATC of any changes
What is an ADIZ?
Air Defense Identification Zone
Zone through which aircraft entering US from points outside US must be identified prior
What is a DVFR flight plan?
VFR flights into coastal or domestic ADIZ/DEWIZ. Must be filed before departure
Where would you find a DEWIZ?
Coastal waters of Alaska
What must be done prior to ops into, within, across an ADIZ?
Flight plan- IFR or DVFR
Two way radio
Transponder (mode C)
Position reports
Briefly describe the 6 classes of US airspace.
Class A- 18-60,000 MSL including 12 miles off the coast of States
Class B- usually surface to 10,000 surrounding busiest airports, usually 2 or more layers. Clearance required to enter
Class C- surface to 4,000 AGL (charted MSL) around airports with control tower, radar approach control and certain number of IFR ops and pax. Configuration varies but usually 5nm core surface to 4,000 with outer shelf 1,200-4000AGL
Class D- surface to 2,500 AGL(charted MSL) configuration varies to support instrument procedures
Class E- all other controlled airspace. Extends from either the surface or a designated altitude up to overlying controlled airspace
Class G- uncontrolled
Define... Restricted area MOA Alert area National security areas Special flight rules area
Where could you find status of special use airspace?
Restricted- unusual, often invisible hazards. Need permission from controlling agency if VFR
Military operations area- separates military training from IFR. Permission not required but must exercise extreme caution
Alert- high volume of pilot training or unusual Aerial activity, use caution, no permission req
Nations security- defined vertical and lateral dimensions at locations with need for increased security/safety. Pilots asked to voluntarily avoid. Sometimes temporarily prohibited.
Special- SFARs like DC and Grand Canyon 14 CFR 93
Sua.faa.gov
What is a TFR?
Temporary flight restriction due to hazardous condition or special event
What is a TRSA
Terminal radar service area.
-area around certain airports where ATC provides vectoring, sequencing, and separation full time for IFR and participating VFR
How to avoid wake turbulence on landing…
If landing behind large AC on same runway stay above and land beyond their flight path
If landing behind large AC on parallel runway, consider drift and stay above flight path
Landing behind departing large AC, land before rotation point
Landing behind departing large AC on crossing runway, if they rotate past intersection, land prior to intersection. If before, avoid flying below their flight path.
How to avoid wake turbulence departing?
Rotate prior to large AC rotation point and climb above their path
Departing or landing after large AC making low approach, missed approach, touch and go… ensure 2 minutes have elapsed before take off or land. Vortices settle and move laterally near the ground
Enroute VFR- avoid flight below and behind large AC, move upwind laterally
3 types of hydroplaning
Dynamic- water about 1/10th in deep lifts tire off runway
Viscous- very thin film of fluid cannot be penetrated by the tire so it rolls on top. Occurs at much slower speeds on smooth surfaces
Reverted rubber hydroplaning- occurs when pilot locks the break for extended period on landing roll on wet runway
Best method speed reduction if hydroplaning is experienced?
Touchdown as slow as possible.
Apply moderate breaking
Raise nose for aerodynamic drag until breaking becomes effective
Illusions that lead to errors in judgment on landing
Runway width- narrower runway creates illusion that aircraft is higher than actual
Runway and terrain slope- upsloping runway/terrain creates illusion ac is higher. Doensloping has opposite effect
Featureless terrain- illusion that ac is higher
Atmospheric- rain creates illusion of greater height, haze creates illusion of greater distance,
Different types of rotating beacons?
White/green- lighted land airport Green- lighted land airport White/yellow- lighted water airport Yellow- lighted water airport Green/yellow/white- lighted heliport 2white/green- military airport
How does the radio controlled runway light system work?
On appropriate frequency, click it 7 time. Can be adjusted by clicking 7,5,or 3 times within 5 seconds
What additional equipment is required when operating above FL240?
DME or RNAV system
What charts are used above 18,000?
Enroute high altitude charts
When is immediate notification to NTSB required?
Flight control system malfunction
Crew member unable to perform
Turbine engine fail of structural components
INFLIGHT fire
Aircraft collision inflight
Property damage other than ac exceeds 25k
Overdue ac
Release of all or portion of prop blade
Complete loss of info from more than 50% of EFIS cockpit display
After accident or incident, how soon must report be filed?
Within 10 days after accident
When, after 7 days, overdue ac still missing
Incident only on request
Define accident and incident
Accident- occurrence that happens between first on and last off in which anyone suffered death or serous injury or ac substantially damaged
Incident- occurrence other than accident associated with aircraft ops which could affect safety
Define serious injury
Requires more than 48 hrs hospitalization within 7 days from date injury occurred
Fracture of any bone
Hemorrhages
Nerve, muscle, tendon damage
Internal organ damage
2nd or 3rd degree burns on more than 5% of body
Where are accident or incident reports filed?
Nearest field office of NTSB
NTSB.gov for directory
Define SRM
Examples
Single pilot resource management
Managing ALL available resources (on board and outside) to ensure successful outcome of flight
Five Ps (plan, plane, pilot, pax, programming)
Define ADM
Example?
Aeronautical decision making is a systematic mental process for pilots to consistently determine best course of action in response to given set of circumstances.
D detect change E estimate need to react C choose outcome I identify action D do E evaluate effect
PERCEIVE hazards with PAVE (pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures)
PROCESS hazards with CARE (consequences, alternatives, reality, external pressure)
PERFORM risk management with TEAM (transfer, eliminate, accept, mitigate)
5 hazardous attitudes and antidotes
Anti-authority - follow the rules, they are usually right
Impulsivity - think first, not so fast
Invulnerability - it COULD happen to me
Macho - taking chances is foolish
Resignation - I can make a difference, I am not helpless
What is risk management?
Logical process if weighing potential costs or risk against benefits of allowing the risk
IMSAFE personal checklist
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eating/emotion
Define Task management
Examples of tasks
Manage tasks efficiently
Initiation of new tasks Monitoring ongoing tasks Prioritization of tasks Allocation of human/machine resources Interruption/resumption of lower priority tasks Termination of tasks
How can a pilot decrease workload and avoid being overloaded?
Stop, think, slow down, prioritize, delegate, use ATC
Aviator, navigation, communicate
Stay ahead of the plane
Method of checklist usage?
Do-verify
Run the checklist
Common errors in checklist usage
Distractions
In a hurry
Head down too much
Checklists not ready
Define situational awareness
Factors that reduce it
Accurate perception of all factors within the 4 fundamental risk elements PAVE
Fatigue, distraction, complacency, high workload, inop equipment, unfamiliar situations
How to maintain situational awareness in a technically advanced aircraft?
Verbal call outs
Double check all info you programmed is correct
Use VOR to back up GPS
Verify waypoints
A majority of CFIT accidents have. Even attributed to what factors?
Lack of pilot currency
Loss of situational awareness
Failure to comply with safe min altitudes
Insufficient planning
What is the most important aspect of managing an autopilot/FMS?
Knowing at all times which modes are engaged and which are armed to enagage. Being capable of verifying that armed functions engage at the appropriate time
What is automation bias?
Willingness to trust the automated system and not checking/monitoring the processes which detaches the pilot from the operation increasing all sorts of risk
When do you need ADSB?
In controlled airspace anywhere Mode C is required.
Special use airspace
Moa (military operating area) Controlled firing area Prohibited Restricted (permission) Alert Warning (permission) National Security
