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Anatomy Week 15 > Embryology VI > Flashcards

Embryology VI Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 groups of mesoderm fall through the primative streak?

A
  1. Laterally Migrating Mesoderm
  2. Cardiogenic Mesoderm
  3. Pharyngeal Arch Mesoderm
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2
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of laterally migrating mesoderm?

A
  1. Paraxial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Lateral Plate Mesoderm
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3
Q

Explain were each of the following migrate after going through the primative streak.

  • Laterally Migrating Mesoderm
  • Cardiogenic Mesoderm
  • Pharyngeal Arch Mesoderm
A

Laterally Migrating Mesoderm:
Laterally

Cardiogenic Mesoderm:
Most Cranial of all Mesoderms
(to the oropharyngeal membrane)

Pharyngeal Arch Mesoderm:
More caudal then cardiogenic mesoderm (stops short of the oropharyngeal membrane)

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the pharyngeal apparatus?

A
  1. Pharyngeal arches (6)
  2. Pharyngeal Grooves (4)
    * *covers OUTSIDE of the apparatus
  3. Pharyngeal Pouches (4)
    * *covers the INSIDE of the apparatus
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5
Q

What embryologic cell types are associated with:

  1. Pharyngeal Arches
  2. Pharyngeal Pouches
  3. Pharyngeal Grooves
A

Pharyngeal Arches:
Pharyngeal Arch Mesoderm

Pharyngeal Groove (Outer):
Ectoderm
Pharyngeal Pouches (inner):
Endoderm
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6
Q

T or F: neural crest cells migrate to the pharyngeal arches

A

True

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7
Q

What 3 components make up each of the pharyngeal arches?

A
  1. Arch Cartilage
  2. Aortic Arch
  3. Mesoderm the forms head and neck muscles (BE mesoderm)

*Cranial Nerves are also there but they are not derived from the arch

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8
Q

What is arch cartilage?

  • what does it give rise to?
  • Essential Cells?
A
  • Pre-cartilagenous mesenchyme that gives rise to bone/cartilage/CT

**Migration of Neural Crest = essential to formation

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9
Q

T or F: the cranial nerve associated with each pharyngeal arch is derived from neural crest cells

A

False, it is derived from neuroectoderm

*Bones/cartilage/CT of pharyngeal arches depends on migration of neural crest cells

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10
Q

What are somites and what are they derived from?

A
  • Mesodermal blocks on each side of the midline

- Mesoderm => Lateral Migrating Mesoderm => Paraxial (somite) Mesoderm

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11
Q

What are the most cranial somites that start to thin out?

- what do they give rise to?

A
  • Occiptal Somites

Give rise to:

  • SKELETAL muscles of the tongue
  • 7 extraocular muscles
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12
Q

What type of innervation is supplied to occiptal somites and what nerves do this?

A
  • GSE innervation (not BE because these don’t come from the pharyngeal arches)
  • CN: 3, 4, 6, 12
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13
Q

Besides occipital somites, what gives rise to the skeletal muscles of the head?

A
  • Pharyngeal Arches (from pharyngeal apparatus)
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14
Q

Nerve associated with each arch?

A
  1. V3 (mandibular n.)
  2. VII
  3. IX
    4/6. X
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15
Q

T or F: 1st and 2nd aortic arches do not form any major systems and the 5th arch never developed anything.

A

True

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16
Q

What do the R and L sides of the 3rd aortic arch give rise to?

A
  1. Major Arterial System of the Neck
  2. R and L common carotid
  3. MOST of R and L internal carotid
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17
Q

What is contained in the core of each pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Central Rod of Pre-cartilaginous mesenchyme that gives rise to skeletal structures (bond/cart/CT)

**Developement driven by neural crest cells

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18
Q

Failure of NC cells to migrate to pharyngeal arches leads to defects affecting what general area?
- examples

A
  • Anterior face Development Affected

- Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate both result from this

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19
Q

What is derived from the pharyngeal mesoderm component of each arch?

A
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Aortic Arch Derivatives

**NC cells do skeleton/CT stuff

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20
Q

T or F: each cranial nerve associated with a particular arch is derived from the arch itself.

A

FALSE, they are derived from neuroectoderm that is only associated with the arch

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21
Q

What bones does Arch 1 give rise to?

- note any cartilaginous intermediates

A

Anterior Face Bones:

  • mandible
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bones

Middle Ear Bones (from MECKELs Cartilage):

  • Malleus
  • Incus
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22
Q

What Muscles are derived from Arch 1?

A

MAST-MATT

Masication:

  • massester
  • temporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid

Matt:

  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior Digastric
  • Tensor Tympani
  • Tensor Veli Palatine
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23
Q

If you have an issue in development of arch 1, what will be the likely results?

A
  • Facial Abnormalities

- Difficulty Chewing

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24
Q

What Bones does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

- Cells responsible?

A
  1. PARTS HYOID BONE
  2. styloid process of Temporal bone
  3. STAPES of Middle Ear

**As always NC cells are responsible for the bony and cartilaginous components

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25
Q

T or F: all 3 bones that are important in sound conduction in the middle ear are associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

False, malleus and incus are 1st pharyngeal arch stapes is 2nd pharyngeal arch

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26
Q

Why would you expect hearing loss with developmental issues in the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches?

A

Because they make up all 3 bones of the middle ear

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27
Q

What muscles does the 2nd arch give rise to?

- Cells involved?

A
  1. Facial Expression muscles
  2. STAPEDIUS
  3. stylohyoid
  4. Posterior digastric

**Pharnygeal arch mesoderm is responsible for muscle development

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the muscles or facial expression and the stapedius?

A

Facial Expression mm.
- Closing mouth and eyes

Stapedius:
- Protects the ear from loud noises (along with tensor tympani)

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29
Q

What bones does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

- cell type?

A
  • The Rest of the HYOID BONE (other pts. from 2nd arch)

**As always NC cells are responsible for the bony and cartilaginous components

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30
Q

What muscles does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

- cell type?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus (needed for swallowing)

**Pharnygeal arch mesoderm = cell type

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31
Q

What vessels does arch 3 give rise to?

- Cell type?

A
  • R and L Common Carotid
  • R and L Internal Carotid

**cell type = pharyngeal arch mesoderm

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32
Q

What bony/cartilaginous structures does the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?
- Cell type?

A
  • Thyroid Cartilage

**As always NC cells are responsible for the bony and cartilaginous components

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33
Q

What muscles doe the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

  • General function of muscles?
  • Cell type?
A

**Function = Swallowing

Soft Palate Muscles:
Uvula

5 Pharynx Muscles:

  • 3 constrictors (upper, middle, lower)
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salphigopharygeus

**All derived from pharyngeal arch mesoderm

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34
Q

What nerve is the 4th pharyngeal arch associated with? (BE innervation)

A
  • Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus n. (X)
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35
Q

What vascular structures develop from the 4th pharyngeal arch?
- Symmetry?

A

Asymmetrical:

Right:
Right Subclavian a.

Left:
Arch of the Aorta

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36
Q

What bony/cartilaginous structures does the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?
- cell type?

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

(Cricoid, Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate)

**As always NC cells are responsible for the bony and cartilaginous components

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37
Q

What muscular structures does the 6th arch give rise to?

A

** Muscles important in vocalization

  • Larynx Muscles
  • Striated Muscles of upper esophagus
38
Q

What nerve supplies BE innervation to the 6th arch?

A

Recurrent Laryngeal branch of the Vagus n.

39
Q

What vascular structures develop from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

**Asymmetrical

Right:
- Right Pulmonary a.

Left:

  • Left Pulmonary a.
  • Ductus Arteriosus
40
Q

T or F: V3, VII, IX, and X of the pharyngeal arches are all the cranial nerves that have mixed sensory and motor function.

A

True

41
Q

What causes First Arch Syndrome?

  • Prevalence
  • Cell type at fault
  • abnormalities
  • 2 types
A
  • Most common arch defect
  • Faulty migration of NEURAL CREST cells
  • Facial Abnormalities
  • Treacher Collins Syndrome and Robin Sequence
42
Q

What are the characteristics of both Treacher Collins Syndrome and Pierre Robin Sequence?
- how to differentiate

A

Both:
-hypoplasia of the mandible

Treacher Collins:

  • Underdeveloped Zygomatic arch
  • Malpositioned ears

Robin:

  • Cleft palate
  • Posteriorly Placed Tongue
43
Q

What is the cause of Treacher Collins or Robin sequence?

A

Treacher:

  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Teratogens

Robin:

  • genetic
  • Environmental Factors
44
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal POUCH give rise to?

A

Epithelial Lining of:

  • Auditory Tube
  • Middle ear
45
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal POUCH give rise to?

A

Epithelial Lining of:

  • Palatine Tonsils
46
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal POUCH give rise to?

A

SECRETORY CELLS of:

  • Inferior parathyroid Gland
  • Thymus Gland
47
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal POUCH give rise to?

A

SECRETORY CELLS of:

  • Superior parathyroid gland
  • Ultimobranchial body (parafollicular cells of THYROID
48
Q

Which of the pharyngeal POUCHES is dependent on NC cell migration?

A

Pouch 4

49
Q

T or F: all 4 pharyngeal pouches have dorsal and ventral divisions.

A

False, only pouches 3 and 4 have dorsal and ventral divisions

50
Q

Which pouches have structures that develop in situ then migrate to their final positions?

A

Arches 3 and 4

Structures:
3 - inferior parathyroid and thymus
4 - Superior parathyroid gland and ultimobracnchial body

51
Q

What syndrome results from NC cells failure to migrate to pouches 3 and 4?
- Symptoms/defects

A

DiGeorge Anomaly

  1. Thymic Hypoplasia: Severe Immunodeficiency
  2. Absence of C cells: Defect in Ca2+ metabolism
  3. Cadiovascular Defects: Persisent Truncus arteriosus and tetraology of Fallot
  4. Facial Defects: Shorted Philtrum lip, low set ears
52
Q

T or F: DiGeorge anomaly is a defect in pharyngeal arch formation so it involves mesodermal tissue and Neural crest cells

A

False, its a defect in pharyngeal POUCH formation, so it involves defects in ENDODERM and neural crest cells

53
Q

___________ cells migrate to the _______________ to become parafollicular cells of the thyroid.

A
  1. Neural Crest

2. Ultimobranchial body

54
Q

What are pharyngeal grooves/clefts?

- associated tissues

A

Ectoderm lined invaginations on the external surface of the lateral wall

55
Q

How many of the original 4 pharyngeal grooves persist into adulthood?
- what do these give rise to?

A
  • Grooves 2 - 4 get filled with other tissue and smooth over

1st pharyngeal groove:

  • External Auditory Meatus
  • External Auditory Canal
56
Q

T or F: there is a DUAL development of the auditory canal

A

True, 1st pharyngeal pouch (ENDODERM) and 1st pharyngeal groove (ECTODERM) form the inside and outside of the canal respectively

57
Q

What is created by covering the 2-4th grooves?

A

Lateral Cervical Sinus

58
Q

What causes cervical cysts?

- where are they usually found?

A
  • Lateral Cervical Sinuses fill with fluid and enlarge

- Lie along the anterior border of SCM (most commonly under the angle of the mandible)

59
Q

T or F: cervical cysts can open externally to form a fistula.

A

True

60
Q

Thyroid Gland Origin (excluding C-cells)

  • Tissue
  • Location
  • Migration
A

Tissue:
Endodermal Thickening

Location:

  • Origin = FORAMEN CECUM (midline floor of the developing oral cavity )
  • Destination = Upper Tracheal Cartilages

Migration:
Down THYROGLOSSAL DUCT

61
Q

How do thyroid follicles migrate from foramen cecum to the upper tracheal cartilages?

A

Thyroglossal Duct

62
Q

What 2 developmental defects are associated with the thyroglossal duct?

A
  1. Ectopic Thyroid Tissue

2. Thyroglossal duct cysts

63
Q

Where are Ectopic Thyroid tissues and thyroglossal cysts typically located?

A
  • Floor of the mouth (forament cecum)
  • Near the hyoid bone
  • Near thyroid cartilage
64
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tongue?

A
  1. Body - Anterior 2/3
  2. Posterior 1/3
  3. Root of the Tongue (epiglottic region)
65
Q

What marks the boundary between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 or the tongue?

A

Sulcus Terminalis

66
Q

What pharyngeal ARCHES are associated with the mucosa of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3:
- arches 1 and 2

Posterior 1/3:
- arch 3

Root of tongue:
- arch 4

67
Q

What parts of arches 1, 2, 3, and 4 give rise to the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3:
1 and some 2 - LATERAL LINGUAL SWELLINGS

Posterior 1/3:
3 - COPULA of arch 3

Root of Tongue:
4 - hypobranchial eminence

**NOTE these are only giving rise to MUCOSA not tongue muscle

68
Q

Where are the muscles of the tongue derived from?

A
  • Myoblasts from Mesoderm of Occipital Somites
69
Q

What nerves convey sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Arches 1 and 2, so nerves are:
V3 - General sensation: pain, temp, etc. (GSA)
XII - Taste (SA)

70
Q

What nerve conveys sensory information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Arch 3 so nerve is:

IX - General Sensation (GSA) and Taste (SA)

71
Q

What nerve conveys sensory information from the root of the tongue?

A

Arch 4 so nerve is:

X - General Sensation (GSA) and Taste (SA)

72
Q

What nerve does the motor innervation to the skeletal muscle of the tongue?

A

CN XII GSE, (hypoglossal)

73
Q

What arch gives rise to ALLL of the skeletal structure of the face?

A
  • ARCH 1 - via Mesodermal and Neural Crest cells
74
Q

What 5 facial prominences (swellings) are comprised of mesoderm and neural crest cells?

A
  1. Single Frontonasal Prominence
  2. R and L maxillary Prominences
  3. R and L Mandibular Prominences
75
Q

What 2 prominences are formed by elevations of the frontonasal prominence?

A
  • Medial and Lateral Nasal Prominences
76
Q

What does the mandibular prominence give rise to?

A
  • Lower Jaw

- Lower Lip

77
Q

What does the Frontonasal Prominence give rise to?

A
  • Forehead Cranium

- Bridge of the Nose

78
Q

What does the medial nasal prominence give rise to?

A
  • Philtrum of upper Lip
  • Tip of Nose
  • Intermaxillary Process
79
Q

What does the lateral nasal prominence give rise to?

A

Ala of the nose

80
Q

What does the maxillary prominence give rise to?

A
  • Central Face
  • Lower Eyelid
  • Laterall Upper lip
81
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of maxillary prominence to fuse with medial nasal prominence

*unilateral or bilateral

82
Q

T or F: cleft lip is always associated with cleft palate

A

FALSE

83
Q

Besides forming the upper lip, what else do the maxillary and medial nasal prominences give rise to?

A
  • Hard Palate
84
Q

What parts of the hard palate are formed by the medial nasal prominences and the maxillary prominences?

A

Medial Nasal Prominences:
- intermaxillary segment (∆ at front of mouth)

Maxillary Prominences:
- Palatine Shelves (form the rest of the hard palate)

85
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A
  • Failure of palatine shelves to fuse with each other or with the intermaxillary segment
86
Q

Why does cleft palate often occur with cleft lip?

A

Because they are derived from the same structures (medial nasal prominences and maxillary prominences

87
Q

What is the primary palate?

- Secondary?

A

1º- intermaxillary segment

2º - Posterior part formed by fusion of the palatine processes of maxilla

88
Q

What are the 5 different facial prominences?

A 
Frontonasal 
Maxillary
Medial Nasal
Lateral Nasal 
Mandibular
89
Q

What part of the hyoid is derived from the 2nd arch?

A
  • Lesser Horn and Upper Body of Hyoid
90
Q

What part of they hyoid is derived from the 3rd arch?

A
  • Greater Horn and Lower Body

Anatomy Week 15 (10 decks)

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