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Cardiovascular System > Embryology Of The Heart > Flashcards

Embryology Of The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first functioning organ to develop in the body

A

The heart

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2
Q

When does the heart begin beating and pumping

A

21 to 22 days after fertilisation

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3
Q

What does the heart develop from

A

The prominent heart bulge

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4
Q

Where is the predominant heart bulge found on the embryo

A

The anterior surface

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5
Q

What does the heart develop from

A

The heart develops from embryonic tissue called the mesoderm

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6
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

1 of the primary germ layers

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7
Q

Where does the development of the heart start

A

Towards the head end of the embryo in the cardio genie area

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8
Q

How does the mesoderm begin to develop the heart

A

The cardiogenic area receives signals from the endoderm which begins the process of forming 2 strands known as the cardiogenic cords

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9
Q

As the cardiogenic cords develop what happens to them and what do they become

A

As they develop a lumen forms around the meaning they become the endocardia tubes

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10
Q

What forms the primitive heart tube

A

The proactive heart tube is formed by the 2 endocardia tubes migrating towards each other and fusing to form one single tube

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11
Q

How many regions does the primitive hear tube from

A

5

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12
Q

What are the 5 regions the primitive heart tube forms

A

Tructus arteriosus
Bulbous cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus

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13
Q

In the early heart where does blow flow into

A

The sinus venosus

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14
Q

What does the turn us arteriosus become in the fully developed heart

A

The ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

What does the bulbus cordis become in the fully developed heart

A

The right ventricle

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16
Q

What does the primitive atrium become in the fully developed heart

A

The right and left atria

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17
Q

What does the posterior of the sinus venous become in the fully developed heart

A

The sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus

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18
Q

How many days after fertilisation does the primitive heart tube begin to fold

A

The primative heart tube begins to elongate and begins to fold with the pericardium between day 23 and 28

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19
Q

What does the folding of the primitive heart tube become and why is it important

A

The folding of the primitive heart tube with the pericardium forms an s-shaped structure which is important as it places the chambers and major vessels in the correct alignment which is close to the adult heart

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20
Q

When does partitioning of the heart happen

A

5 weeks after fertilisation

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21
Q

What are the 3 blood shunts in a foetus

A

Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venous
Foramen ovale

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22
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves form

A

Between 5 and 8 weeks after fertilisation

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23
Q

When do semilunar valves form

A

Between 5 and 9 weeks after fertilisation

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24
Q

When does the heart begin to receive blood

A

At the end of the 4 weeks after initial fertilisation

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25
Q

How is the primary hear field formed

A

Mesoderm cells travel through the primitive heart tube to the embryo head which forms 2 horseshoe shapes known as 2 limbs and is known as the primary heart field

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26
Q

What does vascular endothelial growth factor do

A

This signals to the 2 limbs of the primary heart field to form 2 tubes

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27
Q

What forms the somatic splanchnic layers

A

The lateral mesoderm splits to form the somatic splanchnic layers

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28
Q

How does the heart fold to fuse the endocardial tubes

A

The heart folds in a cylindrical shape so the lateral borders meet in the midline and so the endocardial tubes fuse

29
Q

How is the sinus venosus formed

A

The left and right Vitelline veins fuse

30
Q

What is the sinus venosus known as

A

The inflow tract

31
Q

How is the aortic sace formed

A

The aortea fuse

32
Q

What is the aortic sace also known as

A

The outflow tract

33
Q

What becomes the pericardial cavity

A

The primitive pericardial cavities fuse around the heart tubes which become the pericardial cavity

34
Q

How do the heart tubes stay attached to the pericardial cavity

A

Via a sheet of mesoderm known as the dorsal mesocardium

35
Q

Describe craniocaudal folding

A

This is when the primitive heart tube folds down length ways to form a shrimp-like shape which pushes the heart towards the chest, this happens around 4 weeks after fertilisation when blood can be seen traveling through the heart tube

36
Q

When the heart loops what shape does it become

A

A c-shape

37
Q

In the looping of the heart where do the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis move to

A

They form the top of the c-shape and move down and to the right

38
Q

Where does the primitive ventricle move to during looping of the heart

A

This forms the middle of the c-shape and bends to the right of the midline slightly to the front

39
Q

Where does the primitive atrium and sinus venous move to during looping of the heart

A

They form the bottom of the c-shape

40
Q

During looping of the heart where does the enlarging ventricle move to

A

It moves to the left crossing over the midline and covers the atrium

41
Q

Describe how the atria and ventricles become individual in the developing heart

A

During partitioning of the heart the mesoderm proliferates on both the anterior and posterior walls of the atrioventricular canal. This forms the anterior and posterior endocardial cushions which begin to grow towards each other and fuse. This fusion leads to the left and right atrioventricular canal.

The endocardial cells proliferate on the ventricular side of each canal which form the leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

The division of the canals causes the formation of the individual atria and ventricles

42
Q

Describe how the atria are formed

A

The crescent septum primum grows downwards between the future left and right aria. As the endocardial cushions grow and fuse the ostium primum closes. As this closes the ostium secundum then appears in the centre. This grows cowards too but leaves a small opening known as the foramen ovale.

43
Q

What is the septum secundum

A

This acts as a one way valve allowing blood to flow from the left to right atrium via the foramen ovale

44
Q

When does the foramen ovale close

A

This closes after birth

45
Q

What stimulates the closure of the foramen ovale

A

The decrease in right atrial pressure due to the occlusion of the placental circulation and an increase in the left atrial pressure due to an increase in the pulmonary venous return

46
Q

Describe how the ventricles form

A

Muscular ridges grow upwards from the apex which fuse with the thin membranous regions hanging from the endocardial cushions which forms the right and left ventricles

47
Q

Describe the development of the aorta

A

The aorta develops from the truncus arteriosus, when the 2 endocardial cushions appear on the right superior and left inferior walls they begin to grow with spiralling trajectory and so wrap around each other. This forms the artiopulmonary septum which then divides into the root of the aorta and the pulmonary artery

48
Q

Where do the arteries of the head and neck region originate

A

They come from 5 aortic arches

49
Q

What branches from the 1 aortic arch

A

The maxillary artery

50
Q

What branches from the 2nd aortic arch

A

The stapedial artery

51
Q

What branches from the 3rd aortic arch

A

2 common carotid
Part of the internal carotid

52
Q

What branches from the 4th aortic arch

A

The left becomes the aortic arch
The right becomes the right subclavian artery

53
Q

What branches from the 6th aortic arch

A

The pulmonary arteries
Ductus arteriosus

54
Q

Where do the remaining arteries develop from

A

They develop from the right and left dorsal aortae

55
Q

What does the left and right dorsal aortae form

A

They fuse to form the dorsal aorta

56
Q

What branches from the dorsal aorta

A

Posterolateral arteries
Lateral arteries
Ventral arteries

57
Q

Where does the venous system develop from

A

The sinus venosus

58
Q

When does the sinus venosus start to receive deoxygenated blood

A

Week 4 of gastrulation

59
Q

Where does the sinus venosus receive deoxygenated blood from

A

The sinus horns which open into the primitive atrium

60
Q

Where do the sinus horns receive blood from

A

From the Vitelline/omphalomenteric veins and the common cardiac veins

61
Q

Why does the sinus venosus become asymmetric and shifts to the right

A

Due to the left to right shunt

62
Q

What does the right sinus horn become

A

This sinus horn is enlarged and becomes the smooth-wall of the right atria and the opening of the superior and inferior vena cava

63
Q

What does the left sinus horn become

A

This sinus horn shrinks and persists as the coronary sinus and the oblique vein of the left atrium

64
Q

Describe the development of the conducting system in the heart

A

A group of specialised myocardial cells in the wall of the sinus venosus synchronise their electrical discharge to form pacemaker centres

65
Q

What do cells in the sinus venosus become in relation to the conducting system of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

66
Q

What do cells in the atrioventricular septum become in relation to the conducting system

A

Atrioventricular node

67
Q

What do cells of the intraventricular septum become in relation to the conducting system

A

Bundle of HIS

68
Q

What do the rest of the ventricular myocytes become in relation to the conducting system

A

They form modified cardiac myocytes which become the purkinje fibres

Cardiovascular System (12 decks)

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