Cardiac Anatomy

Question 1

Where is the apex beat felt

Answer 1

5th intercostal space on the left in the midclavicular line

Question 2

What is the landmark for the right heart border

Answer 2

Superior Vena Cava/Right atrium

Question 3

What is the landmark for the left heart border

Answer 3

Aortic Knuckle
Left pulmonary artery
Left Aortic Appendage
Left Ventricle

Question 4

What is mostly seen on the anterior of the heart

Answer 4

The right ventricle

Question 5

What is mainly seen on the posterior surface of the heart

Answer 5

Mainly the left atrium and pulmonary veins

Question 6

What is the mediastinum

Answer 6

The area between the right and left pleura

Question 7

Where is the divide that splits the mediastinum into superior and inferior

Answer 7

The plane between the sternal angle and T4/5

Question 8

What divides the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

Answer 8

The pericardium

Question 9

What does the pericardium consist of

Answer 9

Fibrous parietal and visceral layers

Question 10

What is potential space surrounding the heart

Answer 10

The pericardial space

Question 11

What is cardiac tamponade

Answer 11

This is rapid collection of pericardial fluid in the pericardial space meaning it becomes restricted and impairs filling of the heart

Question 12

What is pleural reflection

Answer 12

Pleural reflection allows drainage of pericardial fluid from the left of the xiphisternum

Question 13

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves in the heart

Answer 13

The mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 14

Are the atrioventricular valves intrinsic or extrinsic part of their ventricles

Answer 14

Intrinsic part of their ventricles

Question 15

What do papillary muscles attached to

Answer 15

They are attached to the atrioventricular valves

Question 16

How do the papillary muscles attach to the atrioventricular valves

Answer 16

Chordae tendinae

Question 17

What are the 2 semilunar valves in the heart

Answer 17

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 18

Are the semilunar valves intrinsic or extrinsic part of their great artery

Answer 18

Intrinsic part of their great artery

Question 19

How does arterial blood leave get into the heart

Answer 19

Arterial blood travels through the pulmonary veins from the lungs into the heart

Question 20

How does arterial blood leave the heart and travel to the rest of the body

Answer 20

Via the aorta

Question 21

How does venous blood travel to the lungs

Answer 21

Venous blood travels to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

Question 22

How does venous blood travel back to the heart

Answer 22

In veins which feed into the superior and inferior vena cava

Question 23

What are the characteristics of the left ventricle

Answer 23

Thick wall
Muscular wall

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the right ventricle

Answer 24

Thin wall
Muscular wall

Question 25

Do the atria have thin or thick walls

Answer 25

Thin walls

Question 26

How many pulmonary veins are there and where do they drain into

Answer 26

4 pulmonary veins which drain into the left atrium

Question 27

What is the coronary sinus

Answer 27

This drains blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium

Question 28

Does the right atrium have smooth to trabeculated walls

Answer 28

The right atrium has both smooth and trabeculated portions The smooth from the sinus venosus and trabeculated from the original atrium

Question 29

What separates the smooth and trabeculated portions in the right atrium

Answer 29

Crista terminalis

Question 30

What is the fossa ovalis

Answer 30

The remnant of the foramen ovale from fetal life

Question 31

How do cardiac muscle cells cross link and join together

Answer 31

Intercalated discs

Question 32

Where do the coronary arteries arse from

Answer 32

They arise from the aortic root sinuses

Question 33

What do the coronary arteries supply

Answer 33

They supply the heart muscle itself

Question 34

What does it mean that the coronary arteries are epicardial

Answer 34

They are epicardial which means they are accessible to the surgeon for bypass surgery

Question 35

What are coronaries

Answer 35

They are the functional end of the arteries

Question 36

What does the left main stem coronary artery branch into

Answer 36

It divides into the left anterior descending and circumflex

Question 37

Where does the left anterior descending artery run

Answer 37

It runs down the anterior interventricular groove

Question 38

What branches come off the left anterior descending branch

Answer 38

The septal branch The diagonal branch

Question 39

What does the septal and diagonal branches serve

Answer 39

The septal and diagonal branches serve the septum and left ventricular myocardium

Question 40

Where does the circumflex branch run

Answer 40

Runs in the left atrioventricular groove

Question 41

What branches of the circumflex branch

Answer 41

The obtuse marginal branches

Question 42

What do the obtuse marginal branches serve

Answer 42

They serve the posterolateral left ventricular wall

Question 43

In 10% of people the circumflex artery serves what

Answer 43

The posterior descending artery

Question 44

Where does the right coronary artery run

Answer 44

The right coronary artery runs down the right atrioventricular groove

Question 45

What does the right coronary artery supply

Answer 45

The sinus node Atrioventricular node Branches of the anterior right ventricular wall

Question 46

What does the distal right coronary artery branch into

Answer 46

Posterolateral and posterior descending arteries

Question 47

Where does the posterior descending artery run

Answer 47

Runs in the posterior interventricular groove

Question 48

What does the posterior descending artery supply

Answer 48

The inferior septum and left ventricle

Question 49

How is dominance determined in the heart

Answer 49

Determined by which artery either the right coronary artery or the circumflex artery supplies the posterior descending artery

Question 50

Which is most common right or left dominant

Answer 50

Right dominant

Question 51

If a person is right dominant which artery supplies the posterior descending artery

Answer 51

The right coronary artery

Question 52

What does it mean if someone is co-dominant

Answer 52

The right coronary and circumflex both help to supply the posterior descending artery