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Cardiovascular System > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulation network composed of

A

The heart- which is a centralised pump
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

What are the 2 seperate circulation loops

A

The pulmonary circulation
The systemic circulation

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3
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation

A

The pulmonary circulation transports blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated then back to the heart

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4
Q

What is a similarity of both the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

A

They both begin at the heart

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5
Q

What is the hierarchy in the systemic circulation

A

Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Gas exchange occurs at the tissues and becomes deoxygenated
Venules
Veins
Heart

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6
Q

What is transported in the blood via the circulatory system

A

Hormones
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Electrolytes

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7
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures that blood passes through in the pulmonary circulation

A

Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Right and left pulmonary artery
Capillaries of the lung
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta

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8
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures the blood passes through in the systemic circulation

A

Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta and main branches- braceocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavien
Capillaries
Veins
Inferior and superior vena cava

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9
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures in the coronary circulation

A

Ascending aorta
Right coronary artery
Right marginal branch + posterior interventricular artery + left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular branch
Circumflex artery

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10
Q

How does blood from the coronary circulation get back to the right atrium

A

Via the coronary sinus

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11
Q

When does blood from the right artium flow into the right ventricle

A

During diastole

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12
Q

What valve sits between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

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13
Q

What happens to the blood in the right ventricle during systole

A

The right ventricle contracts pushing blood into the conus arteriousus at the base of the pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What does contraction of the right ventricle cause to happen

A

The tricuspid valve closes to prevent back flow into the right atrium

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15
Q

When does the pulmonary valve close and what does it prevent

A

During diastole which prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle

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16
Q

When does newly oxygenated blood pass into the left atrium

A

During diastole

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17
Q

During diastole blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle by passing through which valve

A

The mitral valve

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18
Q

During systole the left ventricle contracts pushing blood where

A

Into the aorta through the aortic valve

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19
Q

When does the mitral valve close

A

The mitral valve closes when the left ventricle contracts pushing blood up into the aorta to prevent back flow

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20
Q

When does the aortic valve close

A

During diastole to prevent back flow into the left ventricle

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21
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries branch from

A

The ascending aorta

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22
Q

The arch of the aorta has 3 main branches what are they

A

Braceocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavien

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23
Q

What do the 3 main branches that branch from the arch of the aorta supply

A

The head, neck and upper limbs

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24
Q

What does the arch of the aorta become

A

The arch of the aorta becomes the descending aorta which travels down through the thorax giving off many branches to supply structures in the thorax

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25
Q

From the throax where does the aorta go

A

It passes through the diaphragm

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26
Q

At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm

A

T12

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27
Q

What aperture does the aorta pass through in the diaphragm

A

The aortic hiatus

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28
Q

When the aorta enters the abdomen what does it become

A

The abdominal aorta

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29
Q

What are the branches that come off the abdominal aorta

A

The coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

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30
Q

When the abdominal aorta terminates what does it become

A

Bifurcates into the common iliac arteries which supply the pelvic cavity and the lower limbs

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31
Q

Describe the corse of the coronary circulation

A

The left and right coronary branches from the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve.
The right coronary goes to the right and gives 2 branches the right marginal artery which runs along the right border and the posterior descending artery which runs along the interventricular septum along the base of the heart.
The left coronary goes left and splits into the anterior descending which runs along the anterior of the interventricular septum and the circumflex artery.

The posterior descending artery joins with the left anterior descending artery at the apex of the heart

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32
Q

What is the venous drainage of the heart

A

The coronary sinus

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33
Q

The coronary sinus drains which main veins

A

The great cardiac vein
The middle cardiac vein
The small cardiac vein

34
Q

What is the portal system

A

The portal system is a a network of veins that drains the deoxygenated blood from the abdomen

35
Q

The veins of the portal system directs blood to which organ

A

The liver

36
Q

Why is blood from the abdomen directed to the liver before going back to the heart

A

The blood goes to the liver to be filters so the body is able to use the nutrients in the blood

37
Q

What does the splenic vein drain

A

The spleen, the pancreas, the stomach

38
Q

What does the superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain

A

They drain everything from the jejunum to the upper rectum

39
Q

What 2 veins join to form the hepatic portal vein

A

The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

40
Q

What is the role of arteries

A

They carry blood away from the heart towards peripheral tissues

41
Q

What are characteristics of arteries

A

They have thick walls and narrow lumens which means they can resists high pressure from the blood been forced out of the heart

42
Q

Arteries goes through a process of segmentation
What does this mean

A

Arteries go through a process of segmentation which means they decrease in diameter and the wall becomes thicker with each division

43
Q

What are conducting arteries

A

They carry blood directly from the heart and main branches, they have a high degree of elasticity and so can withstand the high pressure

44
Q

What are the distributing arteries

A

The distributing arteries are arteries which transport the blood to the specific organ systems, these have a high muscular component

45
Q

What are arterioles

A

They are small in size and are muscular resistant so they only cope with low pressure blood

46
Q

How many layers do artery walls have

A

3 layers

47
Q

What are the 3 layers of the artery walls

A

The tunica intima
The tunica media
The tunica externa

48
Q

What is the tunica intima made up of

A

Basement membrane
Endothelium
Internal elastic lamina
Subendothelial

49
Q

What is the tunica media made up of

A

Smooth muscle
External elastic lamina

50
Q

What are examples of conducting arteries

A

Aorta and its major branches

51
Q

What is the role of arterioles

A

They connect vessels between muscular arteries and capillary beds.
They can also control the blood from into capillaries via the contraction of the smooth muscle

52
Q

What are capillaries

A

They are the vessels closes to the target organ and act as a barrier between the blood and the interstitial fluid

53
Q

What is a characteristic of capillaries

A

They have a marrow lumen which is just wide enough for the largest blood cell to fit through

54
Q

What are venules

A

They are formed when 2 or more capillaries converge

55
Q

What are veins

A

They are formed by the union of muscular venules

56
Q

What are some characteristics of veins

A

They have a thin wall and large lumen with small amounts of muscle due to the blood is under low pressure
They have distensible walls meaning they can expand to accommodate large volumes of blood

57
Q

What do peripheral veins contain

A

They contain valves which prevent back flow

58
Q

Which veins do not contain valves

A

Veins within the abdomen

59
Q

What is anastomoses

A

They are formed by 2 arteries connecting with each other

60
Q

Which does anastomoses allow

A

Allows for continuous blood supply

61
Q

If an artery becomes blocked blood flow is still able to continue why is this possible

A

This is possible due to the anastomosis of an artery with am adjacent artery

62
Q

What is mean by direct anastomosis and give an example

A

2 arteries join
Eg- redial and ulnar arteries via the palmar arteries

63
Q

What is meant by convergence anastomosis and give an example

A

2 arteries join to form one single artery
Eg- when vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery

64
Q

What is meant by transverse anastomosis and give and example

A

This is when a small artery connects 2 large arteries
Eg- anterior communicating artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries

65
Q

What is meant by arteriosvenous anatamosis and give an example of where this could happen

A

The direct connection between a small artery and small vein
Eg- in the nose or ear

66
Q

What is a portacaval anastomosis and give an example where this could happen

A

This is the connection between systematic artery and the portal veins
Eg- oesophagus or rectum

67
Q

Why are circulatory shunts needed in a foetus

A

They are required to bypass the liver and non-functioning lungs

68
Q

What are the 2 shunts that are used to bypass the lungs

A

The foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

69
Q

Where can the foramen ovale found

A

It is found between the left and right atria

70
Q

What happens to blood if it does pass through the foamen ovale

A

Blood enters the right ventricle and goes through the ductus arteriosus

71
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus connect

A

It connects the pulmonary trunk to the distal aorta

72
Q

What triggers the foramen ovale to close

A

This closes due to the baby taking its first breath when been born causing the pulmonary resistance to fall as the pressure within the left atrium becomes higher in the right atrium so blood can no longer flow through the foramen ovale so this closes the shunt and will have completely fused by the age of 1

73
Q

What causes the ductus arteriosus to close

A

This closes when the muscular wall contracts.
This is mediated by bradykinin

74
Q

What is the remnant of the foramen ovale

A

The fossa ovalis

75
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

76
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus venousus

A

The ligament venosum

77
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein

A

The ligament teres

78
Q

How are blood vessels formed in the embryo

A

On day 17 blood islands in the extraembroynic mesoderm which are a core of hemoblasts surrounded by endothelial cells

79
Q

How many days after fertilisation does vasculogenesis commence

A

Day 18

80
Q

What is the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

A

Vasculogenesis is the development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating angioblasts
Angiogenesis is the sprouting of capillaries from pre-existing vessels

81
Q

What drives embryonic vessel development

A

Angiogenic growth factors
Eg- vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1 and 2
Repulsive signals
Eg- plexin/semaphorin signalling, ephrin

Cardiovascular System (12 decks)

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