Embryology Flashcards by maia ferg

What forms the circulatory system

The lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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What do angiogenic cell islands form

Two primitive heart tubes

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First major system to function in an embryo

Cardiovascular as nutrition by diffusion is no longer sufficient

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Where do blood vessels first appear

Yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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Angioblastic cords

Paired endothelial strands that appear in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Canalize to form heart tubes which then join to blood vessels to form primordial cardiovascular system

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What folding forms the pericardium

Cranial folding of the embryo

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What are the parietal and fibrous pericardium formed from

Somatic lateral mesoderm

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What forms the visceral pericardium

Splanchnic mesoderm

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Parts of primitive heart tube

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
ventricle
Atrium 
Right and left horns of sinus venosus

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Where does the sinus venosus get blood from 3 places

Yolk sac(vitelline) and placenta(umbilical) and body of embryo(common cardinal vein)

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fate of Truncus arteriosus

Continues cranially(towards head) with the aortic sac, which the aortic arches arise from and then terminate in the dorsal aorta

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Formation of cardiac (bulboventricular) loop

The bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster so a U shaped bulboventricular loop is formed

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Dextrocardia

Backwards heart(heart tube loops to the left) most common positional abnormality of the heart

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What does the endocardial cushion separate

atriums from ventricles but leaves left and right AV canals

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What does the septum separate

right from left

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Separation of atriums

Septum primum forms foramen primum then septum primum splits off on right and foramen secondum forms (in septum primum)

Septum secondum grows next to both and septum primum degenerates, foramen ovale is formed (closes on birth)

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Role of foramen ovale

Allows blood to pass from right to left atrium as lungs are non functional

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Oval fossa

Remnant of foramen ovale

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Oval fossa

Remnant of foramen ovale

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How does foramen ovale close

Septums fuse

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Atrial septal defect

Open foramen ovale (hole in heart)

A) foramen secondum defect
B) endocardial cushion defect
C) sinus venosus defect
D) common atrium

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Partitioning of the ventricles

A muscular septum forms (intraventricular septum forms)

Aorticopulmonary septum (between bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus) fuses with it to form a membranous septum

Endocardial cushions help

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Partitioning of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

During 5th week, by aorticopulmonary septum into aorta and pulmonary trunk in a spiral

Ventricular septal defects

Most common types of CHD

Some can close spontaneously

Conducting system of the heart formation- what week and where are some from

SA node develops in 5th week AV node and bundle of His develop from AV canal cells and sinus venosus

Cause of SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome

Abnormalities of conducting system in heart

Causes of congenital heart disease

Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA) Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects) Maternal drug treatment and radiation Genetics

Transposition of great heart vessels

Cause cyanotic disease in newborns Permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation Aorticopulmonary septum may not be a spiral Or neural crest cells may not migrate properly

4 defects in tetralogy of Fallot

Pulmonary stenosis (blood can't get out of right ventricle) Ventricular septal defect Dextraposition of aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy

Cause of tetralogy of Fallot

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior misplacement of aorticopulmonary septum

Two methods of blood vessel development

Vasculogenesis (new) and angiogenesis (growth)

Vasculogenesis

New formation of a primitive vascular network

Angiogenesis

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

what is the aortic sac and where do they come from

An extension of the truncus arteriosus, the two primitive aortas ventral parts fuse and aortic branches arise

Future neck

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal arteries

Communicate with aortic branches and aortic arches are formed, 6 on each side with dorsal aortae

Fate of arches 1 and 2

Disappear early and remnant of first forms maxillary artery

Fate of arch 3

Internal carotid artery

Fate of arch 4

Right subclavian | And (left) distal part of aortic arch

Fate of arch 5

Either never forms or regresses

Fate of arch 6

Proximal part of right forms right pulmonary artery | Left forms left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus which turns into ligamentum arteriosum

Aberrant subclavian artery

The right subclavian artery is on the left side because right dorsal aorta and aortic arch have regressed. It crosses behind the trachea and oesophagus

Double aortic arch

Non regression of the right aortic arch forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus, usually causing difficulty breathing and swallowing

Patent ductus arteriosus

Associated with maternal rubella infection Ligamentum arteriosum isn't formed so aortic blood goes into pulmonary artery Causes ARDS, work of breathing and poor weight gain

Coarctation of the aorta

Aorta is narrow usually due to ductus arteriosus pulling it when ligamentum arteriosum forms

Body veins in embryo

Anterior and posterior cardinal

Fate of vitelline arteries

Supply yolk sac then are arteries in foregut, midgut and hindgut

Fate of vitelline arteries

Supply yolk sac then are arteries in foregut, midgut and hindgut

Fate of umbilical arteries

In embryo are paired branch as of the dorsal aorta Then internal iliac and superior vesical branches to bladder

Fate of cardinal veins

Form Vena Cava by anastomosis by veins

Double inferior Vena cava- what level and persistence of what vein

At lumbar level from persistence of left sacrocardinal vein

Absent inferior Vena cava

Lower half of the body is drained by azygous vein. Hepatic vein enters heart at site if inferior Vena Cava

Development of lymphatic system

End of sixth week, around veins. Will join lymph sacs later

Order of foetal circulation before birth

Aorta to descending aorta to abdominal aorta to common iliac artery to umbilical arteries to umbilical vein

Ductus venosus

Shunts left umbilical vein to inferior Vena Cava to allow oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass liver

Ductus arteriosus

Allows blood that gets into right ventricle to bypass the lungs

Neonatal circulation changes after birth

Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum Oval foramen becomes fossa ovalis Umbilical arteries become medial umbilical ligaments