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Cardiovascular System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the circulatory system

A

The lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What do angiogenic cell islands form

A

Two primitive heart tubes

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3
Q

First major system to function in an embryo

A

Cardiovascular as nutrition by diffusion is no longer sufficient

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4
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear

A

Yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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5
Q

Angioblastic cords

A

Paired endothelial strands that appear in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Canalize to form heart tubes which then join to blood vessels to form primordial cardiovascular system

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6
Q

What folding forms the pericardium

A

Cranial folding of the embryo

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7
Q

What are the parietal and fibrous pericardium formed from

A

Somatic lateral mesoderm

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8
Q

What forms the visceral pericardium

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

Parts of primitive heart tube

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
ventricle
Atrium 
Right and left horns of sinus venosus
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10
Q

Where does the sinus venosus get blood from 3 places

A

Yolk sac(vitelline) and placenta(umbilical) and body of embryo(common cardinal vein)

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11
Q

fate of Truncus arteriosus

A

Continues cranially(towards head) with the aortic sac, which the aortic arches arise from and then terminate in the dorsal aorta

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12
Q

Formation of cardiac (bulboventricular) loop

A

The bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster so a U shaped bulboventricular loop is formed

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13
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Backwards heart(heart tube loops to the left) most common positional abnormality of the heart

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14
Q

What does the endocardial cushion separate

A

atriums from ventricles but leaves left and right AV canals

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15
Q

What does the septum separate

A

right from left

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16
Q

Separation of atriums

A

Septum primum forms foramen primum then septum primum splits off on right and foramen secondum forms (in septum primum)

Septum secondum grows next to both and septum primum degenerates, foramen ovale is formed (closes on birth)

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17
Q

Role of foramen ovale

A

Allows blood to pass from right to left atrium as lungs are non functional

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18
Q

Oval fossa

A

Remnant of foramen ovale

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18
Q

Oval fossa

A

Remnant of foramen ovale

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19
Q

How does foramen ovale close

A

Septums fuse

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20
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Open foramen ovale (hole in heart)

A) foramen secondum defect
B) endocardial cushion defect
C) sinus venosus defect
D) common atrium

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21
Q

Partitioning of the ventricles

A

A muscular septum forms (intraventricular septum forms)

Aorticopulmonary septum (between bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus) fuses with it to form a membranous septum

Endocardial cushions help

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22
Q

Partitioning of bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

A

During 5th week, by aorticopulmonary septum into aorta and pulmonary trunk in a spiral

23
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

Most common types of CHD

Some can close spontaneously

24
Q

Conducting system of the heart formation- what week and where are some from

A

SA node develops in 5th week

AV node and bundle of His develop from AV canal cells and sinus venosus

25
Q

Cause of SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

A

Abnormalities of conducting system in heart

26
Q

Causes of congenital heart disease

A

Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA)
Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)
Maternal drug treatment and radiation
Genetics

27
Q

Transposition of great heart vessels

A

Cause cyanotic disease in newborns
Permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

Aorticopulmonary septum may not be a spiral
Or neural crest cells may not migrate properly

28
Q

4 defects in tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis (blood can’t get out of right ventricle)

Ventricular septal defect

Dextraposition of aorta

Right ventricular hypertrophy

29
Q

Cause of tetralogy of Fallot

A

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior misplacement of aorticopulmonary septum

30
Q

Two methods of blood vessel development

A

Vasculogenesis (new) and angiogenesis (growth)

31
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

32
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

33
Q

what is the aortic sac and where do they come from

A

An extension of the truncus arteriosus, the two primitive aortas ventral parts fuse and aortic branches arise

34
Q

Future neck

A

Pharyngeal arches

35
Q

Pharyngeal arteries

A

Communicate with aortic branches and aortic arches are formed, 6 on each side with dorsal aortae

36
Q

Fate of arches 1 and 2

A

Disappear early and remnant of first forms maxillary artery

37
Q

Fate of arch 3

A

Internal carotid artery

38
Q

Fate of arch 4

A

Right subclavian

And (left) distal part of aortic arch

39
Q

Fate of arch 5

A

Either never forms or regresses

40
Q

Fate of arch 6

A

Proximal part of right forms right pulmonary artery

Left forms left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus which turns into ligamentum arteriosum

41
Q

Aberrant subclavian artery

A

The right subclavian artery is on the left side because right dorsal aorta and aortic arch have regressed.

It crosses behind the trachea and oesophagus

42
Q

Double aortic arch

A

Non regression of the right aortic arch forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus, usually causing difficulty breathing and swallowing

43
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Associated with maternal rubella infection

Ligamentum arteriosum isn’t formed so aortic blood goes into pulmonary artery

Causes ARDS, work of breathing and poor weight gain

44
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Aorta is narrow usually due to ductus arteriosus pulling it when ligamentum arteriosum forms

45
Q

Body veins in embryo

A

Anterior and posterior cardinal

46
Q

Fate of vitelline arteries

A

Supply yolk sac then are arteries in foregut, midgut and hindgut

46
Q

Fate of vitelline arteries

A

Supply yolk sac then are arteries in foregut, midgut and hindgut

47
Q

Fate of umbilical arteries

A

In embryo are paired branch as of the dorsal aorta

Then internal iliac and superior vesical branches to bladder

48
Q

Fate of cardinal veins

A

Form Vena Cava by anastomosis by veins

49
Q

Double inferior Vena cava- what level and persistence of what vein

A

At lumbar level from persistence of left sacrocardinal vein

50
Q

Absent inferior Vena cava

A

Lower half of the body is drained by azygous vein. Hepatic vein enters heart at site if inferior Vena Cava

51
Q

Development of lymphatic system

A

End of sixth week, around veins. Will join lymph sacs later

52
Q

Order of foetal circulation before birth

A

Aorta to descending aorta to abdominal aorta to common iliac artery to umbilical arteries to umbilical vein

53
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Shunts left umbilical vein to inferior Vena Cava to allow oxygenated blood from placenta to bypass liver

54
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Allows blood that gets into right ventricle to bypass the lungs

55
Q

Neonatal circulation changes after birth

A

Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum

Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum

Oval foramen becomes fossa ovalis

Umbilical arteries become medial umbilical ligaments

Cardiovascular System (33 decks)

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