Embryology Flashcards
what is the embryological origin of the gonads?
mesonephros
what is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?
allantois
what does the gonadal ridge form from?
the mesonephros
what is Wollfian duct and Mullerian duct?
wollfian duct = mesonephric duct
Mullerian duct = paramesonephric duct
does the paramesonephric duct disappear in males or females?
males
does the mesonephric duct disappear in males or females?
females
in females, what forms the fallopian tubes, vagina, cervix and uterus?
paramesonephric duct
in males, what forms the vas deferent, epididymis and seminal vesical?
mesonephric duct
what forms the testes and ovaries?
undifferent gonad
from what structure does the prostate develop from?
urogenital sinus
from what structure does the lower part of the vagina develop from?
urogenital sinus
how does the indifferent gonads decide it will develop into testes?
SRY on the Y chromosome codes for a protein called testes determining factor (TDF) which makes them develop into testes
also causes production of sertoli cells and leydig cells which cause release of testosterone and therefore male sex characteristics
how does the indifferent gonad develop into ovaries?
there is no SYR region and no TDF and by default the ovaries develop
mesonephric duct degenerates in male or female?
female
paramesonephric duct degenerates in male or female?
male
what is responsible for the gonads descending down from lumbar region to pelvic?
Gubunaculum
what does the gabernaculum form in the female?
once the ovaries have reached the pelvis the gabernaculum forms the ovarian ligament
why are females less likely to have indirect inguinal hernias?
the ovaries don’t descend through the inguinal canal and therefore the canal is smaller in females therefore less prone
when are the testes fully descended?
8 months
what is cryptochordism?
absence of testes in scrotum
what are the complications of undescended testes?
infertillity
malignant transformation (germ cell tumours)
testicular torsion
what is the management for cryptochordism?
orchiopexy
at what weeks is there greatest risk of complications from teratogens?
1st trimester weeks 3-11
what complications occur due to exposure from teratogens in the 3rd trimester?
growth and/or functional deficits
where does the lower part of the vagina and the vulva develop from?
urogenital sinus
what are the clinical features of foetal alcohol syndrome?
low nasal bridge underdeveloped lower jaw thin upper lip smooth and large philtrum small head small eye opening flat mid face epicanthal folds
what is the triad of complications from catching rubella in pregnancy?
sensorineural deafness
microphalmia, cataract and retinopathy
congenital heart disease: pulmonary artery stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus
what complications/effects can a vaginal septum have?
a/dyspareunia miscarriage infertility abnormal lie in pregnancy abnormal labour heavy periods no effect
what complications can the use of/over use of opiates have on the foetus?
respiratory depression which can effect the brain and skeleton
what is the embryological origin of the indifferent gonads?
intermediate mesoderm
what is the embryological origin of the bladder?
urogenital sinus
what is the embryological origin of the urethra?
urogenital sinus
