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IC Part 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm

A

gut, liver, lungs, thyroid, tonsils, parathyroid glands

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2
Q

Mesoderm

A

skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood, gonads, cartilage, dermis, circulatory system body cavity

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3
Q

ectoderm

A

skin, nervous system

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4
Q

Hydatidiform Mole

A

formed from trophoblast (outer layer)
Appearance of grape like clusters
Defect in paternal genome (genomic imprinting)
secrete high levels of hcg - syncytiotrophoblast
may become invasive (choriocarcinoma)

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5
Q

hydatidiform mole may become

A

choriocarcinoma

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6
Q

teratoma

A

mass from remnants of primitive streak usually in sacral region
multiple tissue types- ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
3x more common in female fetuses

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7
Q

Ectopic pregnancy- most common site

A

ampulla of tube

tubal implantation

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8
Q

ectopic pregnancy most commonly seen in women who

A

have had endometriosis, prior surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease

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9
Q

skin layers

A

epidermis: ectoderm
dermis: mesoderm-somatopleure and dermatome
melanocytes: neural crest cells
langerhans cells: mesoderm

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10
Q

Waardenburg syndrome

A

disrupted differentiation of neural crest cells- cause hearing loss and changes in coloring (pigmentation) of hair, skin, eyes

  • eyes are pale blue or different colored
  • patch of white hair
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11
Q

Piebaldism

A

rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development characterized by congenital white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented macules

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12
Q

RET proto oncogene

A

expressed by neural crest cells and encodes tyrosine kinase- provides instructions for producing signaling protein which is essential for normal development of several inds of neurons (including those in intestine) and autonomic control of functionss uch as heart rate, normal renal development and spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Most common cause congenital hydrocephalus

A

aqueductal stenosis- dilated lateral ventricles, normal 4th ventricle.

dilated 4th ventricle and normal 3rd and laterl ventricles- dandy walker syndrome or obstruction of foramina of luschka and Magendie

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus CF

A

enlarged cerebral ventricles, mental retardation, spastic paraparesis, adducted thumbs
may occur as chromosomal abnormality, prenatal infection, non-genetic structural anomaly

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15
Q

craniopharyngiomas

A

derived from oral ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)
impinge upon pituitary stalk resulting in absence of ADH and diabetes insipidus
Can also cause bitemporal hemianopia (loss of visual field on the same side

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16
Q

Cerebellar cortical development

A

external granule layer is proliferative zone from which cells migrate inwards (away from surface)

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17
Q

cerebral cortical development

A

pyramidal neurons radially migrate toward superficial layer
(inside out pattern of formation)
earliest neurons formed are placed in deepest layers
early part- multi polar neurons with many neurites which then change to bipolar neurons

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18
Q

cerebellum function

A

coordinate timing and force of muscular contractions so that skilled, voluntary movements are appropriate
integrates information into execution of movement

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19
Q

Spinal bifida meningocele

A

contains meninges with csf

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20
Q

spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

meninges and spinal cord

21
Q

spina bifida myeloschisis or rachischisis

A

neural tube has not closed, severe sensory and motor deficits

22
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

defect in vertebral arch without a cyst

tuft of hair on back

23
Q

Anencephaly

A

crania bifida- neural folds do not fuse in the cranial region of neural tube (failure of cranial neuropore to close)

skull never forms, brain tissue degenerates while in contact with amniotic fluid

24
Q

most likely site of detachment of retina

A

between pigmented epithelial layer and rods and cones

25
Q

connexin 26 mutation

A

Connexin proteins are gap-junction proteins that are necessary for cells to communicate with eachother- without sufficient levels of connexin 26, potassium flow from hair cells in cochlea is disrupted, resulting in high levels of K in organ of corti–> profound sensorineural hearing loss

26
Q

Ectodermal dysplasia

A

teeth do not develop properly because they arise from ectoderm of oral cavity as do hair follicles
inability to tolerate heat due to lack of sweat glands

27
Q

foregut contents

A

celiac artery
stomach, liver, gall bladder, first 1/2 of duodenum, pancreas

(spleen is the exception because it’s mesoderm derived)

28
Q

midgut contents

A

superior mesenteric artery

second 1/2 of duodenum, SI, proximal large intestine

29
Q

hindgut contents

A

inferior mesenteric artery

distal large intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum/anorectal canal

30
Q

duodenal atresia and stenosis due to

A

incomplete recanalization or by vascular accidents- gut strangulations from malrotation, volvulus, omphalocele

atresia- parts 2 and 3 of duodenum

stenosis- parts 3 and 4

vomit bile upon overfilling of duodenum with bile because no place for bile to pass distally

31
Q

blood supply to duodenum is

A

dual
first half- celiac artery
second half- sma

32
Q

apple peel atresia

A

10% of all atresias

in proximal jejunum, intestine is short, with portion distal to lesion coiled around mesenteric remnant

33
Q

annular pancreas

A

bilobed ventral pancreatic bud is formed, buds migrate around duodenum in opposite directions strangulating duodenum which can lead to duodenual stresia/stenosis

34
Q

malrotation of gut

A

gut did not rotate normally
can be in varying degrees of strangulation, resulting in varying degrees of vascular compromise
increased change of tissue necrosis occurring with increasing severity

35
Q

mecke’s diverticulum/fistula/cyst

A

stalk of yolk sac remains attached to body wall and can be patent or not or cyst like
generally- ileal but can be gastric/pancreatic/colonic

36
Q

positioinal anomalies

A

complete/ partial situs inversus

37
Q

gastroschisis

A

failure of ventral body wall to close properly

loops herniate directly through abdominal wall into abdominal cavity

38
Q

omphalocele

A

failure of part of developing gut to return to abdominal cavity following its normal herniation into umbilical cord- defect is covered by reflection of amnion by umbilical cord

39
Q

congenial megacolon- hirschsprung disease

A

anomaly in craniocaudal migration of neural crest cells
mutations in RET protooncogene involved sometimes
lack of ganglion cells in myenteric and submucosal plexuses in sigmoid colon or rectum
segment becomes constricted, causing normal, proximal section of bowel to distend with feces

40
Q

malrotation with midgut volvulus

A

bilious emesis, abdominal distention, high pitched bowel sounds-> obstruction
severely dilated sigmoid colon with “coffee bean” shape is very suggestive of volvulus

41
Q

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

non-bilious emesis presenting 4-6 weeks after birth
distended stomach
caterpillar sign

gastric outlet obstruction that results from congenital thickening of muscle of pylorus - results in narrowing of lumen of pylorus and outlet to the duodenum

fluid restriction followed by pyloromyotomy is curative tx

42
Q

respiratory system

A

respiratory diverticulum is outgrowth of endodermal tube (foregut)
epithelium is derived from endoderm
cartilaginous, muscular, connective tissue components of trachea and lung are derived from splanchnic mesoderm

43
Q

tracheoesophageal septum

A

responsible for separating tracheal primodrium from esophageal primordium

44
Q

oligohydramnios

A

less urine output= less fluid
1) commonly due to early leaking of amniotic fluid due to premature rupture of membranes–> thoracic wall movement occuring with fetal breathing may be restricted- bad for lung development

2) also due to fetal rectal anomalies- amniotic fluids produced my fetal kidneys- polycystic kidneys, hydronephrosis, renal agenesis can cause oligohydramnios and are commonly associated with lung hypoplasia and limb malformations

45
Q

polyhydramnios

A

less swallowing=more fluid

tracheoesophageal fistulae associated with polyhydramnios- blind esophagus is most common (proximal esophageal atresia with distal TEF)

46
Q

TEF complications

A

polyhydramnios
pneumonitis
pneumonia

47
Q

Potter sequence/syndrome

A 
bilateral renal agenesis
oligohydramnios
lung hypoplasia
clubbed feet, bowing of legs
potter's facies- prominent infraorbital folds, flattened nose, parrot beak nose, recessed chin, skin crease, 
hypertelorism (inc distance between two organs like two eyes)
growth retardation
brachycephaly (shorter head)
48
Q

diaphragm develops from

A

septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery of esophagus, and lateral body walls

muscle derived from 3, 4, 5th cervical somites
motor innervation from C3, 4, 5 via phrenic nerve so is sensory

49
Q

most common congenital defect of diaphragm

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia
-defective formation and fusion of pleuroperitoneal membranes with other parts of diaphragm (usually on one side)- part of gut can pass through thorax, can cause hypoplastic development of lung

left side of diaphragm involved 4-8 times more frequently probably because left pericardioperitoneal canal is larger and closes later

can be corrected at birth and in utero, but severe pulmonary hypoplasia and insufficiency may be fatal

diminished braeth sounds- usually at left side, heart sounds heart louder in right chest because mediastinum is displaced, abdomen is often scaphoid because abd contents are displaced into chest

IC Part 2 (27 decks)

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