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NBDE PART I > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the tongue form from?

A

Anterior 2/3rds - Lateral lingual swellings and medial Tuberculum impar of 1st arch
Posterior 1/3 - 2, 3, 4th arches
Base - Copula of 2,3,4th arches

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2
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

V shaped groove terminal sulcus

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3
Q

What is located at the apex of the terminal sulcus?

A

Foramen cecum - the remnant of the proximal end of the thryroglossal duct

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4
Q

What is the result of lack of fusion of the lateral lingual swellings?

A

Bifid tongue (South America)

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5
Q

What order do the 3 main salivary glands form in and from what type of tissue?

A

6th week - Parotid - ectoderm
end of 6th week - Submandibular - endoderm
8th week - Sublingual - endoderm

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6
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the 1st and 2nd arches?

A

1st- Meckels
2nd- Reicherts
Both derived from neural crest cells

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7
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the 4-6 pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesoderm derived cartilage

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8
Q

Meckel’s cartilage forms what?

A

Ossifies into malleus and incus, and sphenomandibular ligament

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9
Q

What developmental disorder affects the derivatives of the first branchial arch? The patient usually exhibits micrognathia, zygomatic hypoplasia, deformity of the lower rim of the orbit, and malfored external ear. Indicates problems with neural crest cell’s migration.

A

Mandibulofacial Dysostosis

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10
Q

Reicherts cartilage forms what?

A

Ossifies into Stapes, stylopid process, tylophyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid bone

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11
Q

Third arch cartilage ossifies into what?

A

Greater cornu (horn) of the hypoid hone

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12
Q

4-6th arch cartilage form what?

A

Larynx - thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

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13
Q

Failure of fusion will lead to a cleft lip?

A

Maxillary process (sides of upper lip) and medial nasal processes (middle of upper lip)

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14
Q

The maxillary processes on each side of the developing face partially fuse with the mandibular arch to from what?

A

The labial commissures or corners of the mouth

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15
Q

What is the first portion of the face to form after the creation of the stomodeum?

A

Mandible

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16
Q

During the 4th week of development, the frontonasal process also form, in the future it will become what?

A

forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, nasal septum, and all structures related to the medial nasal processes

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17
Q

What 2 structures form around the nasal placodes and later become the nostrils?

A

Medial and lateral nasal processes

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18
Q

What fails to fuse that will lead to cleft palate?

A

Palatine shelves

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19
Q

During the 4th week of embryonic development, the 1st branchial arch divides to form?

A

The mandibular and maxillary processes

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20
Q

______ is a faint ridge in the midline on the surface of the bony mandible where the mandible is formed by the fusion of the mandibular processes.

A

Mandibular symphysis

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21
Q

The 2nd branchial pouch gives rise to what?

A

Palatine tonsil

22
Q

The 1st branchial pouch gives rise to what?

A

Tympanic membrane, auditory tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum

23
Q

The 3rd branchial pouch gives rise to what?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

24
Q

The 4th branchial pouch gives rise to what?

A

Superior parathyroid glands

25
Q

The 5th branchial pouch gives rise to what?

A

Ultimobranchial bodies (C cells of the thyroid) Rudimentary

26
Q

The 1st brachial cleft forms what?

A

External auditory meatus

27
Q

Congenital malformation caused by underdevelopment of thrid and fourth branchial pouches leading to absence or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands. The patients usually have congenital heart defects and compromised immunity.

A

Digeorge sundrome

28
Q

The thyroid gland is first identifiable during the fourth week or gestation, beginning as an endodermal invagination of the tongue at the site of what?

A

Foramen cecum

29
Q

What primitive membrane separates the stomodeum from the primitive pharynx?

A

oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrance

30
Q

What is the first event in the development of the face during the 4th week of development?

A

Disintegration of the oropharyngeal membrane

31
Q

What 2 structures are above and below the foramen cecum?

A

above -tuberculum impar

below- copula

32
Q

What happens if the thyroglossal duct fails to close after the thyroid gland has descended into the neck?

A

Thryroglossal duct cyst may form

33
Q

The primary palate or median palatal process is formed by the 6th week of development and by the merging of the frontonasal process with what other processes?

A

Medial nasal processes

34
Q

The secondary palate formation begins at the 6th week and is completed by the 12th week of development. What makes up the secondary palate?

A

The bilateral maxillary processes give rise to two palatal shelves which elongate and move towards each other eventually fusing

35
Q

The secondary palate formation begins at the 6th week and is completed by the 12th week of development. What (3 processes) makes up the secondary palate?

A

The bilateral maxillary processes give rise to two palatal shelves which elongate and move towards each other eventually fusing with the primary palate

36
Q

What 3 things does the secondary palate give rise to?

A
  1. Posterior 2/3rds of the hard palate ( max canines and posterior teeth)
  2. Soft palate
  3. Uvula
37
Q

Which swallowing muscle is not derived from the 1st branchial arch?

A

Levator veli palatini (4th arch)

38
Q

What future nerves are derived from the branchial arches? 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 arch

A

1st - Trigem (V2 & V3)
2nd - Facial
3rd - Glossopharyngeal
4th - Superior laryngeal branch of vagus
6th - Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

39
Q

The second arch forms what muscles?

A

Stapedius muscle, muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric, and stylohyoid muscle

40
Q

What muscle does the 3rd arch form?

A

Stylopharyngeal muscle

41
Q

The nasal cavities are formed from what embryonic structure?

A

Nasal pits

42
Q

The nasal cavities are formed from what embryonic structure?

A

nasal placodes - nasal pits -> nasal cavities

43
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct begin as?

A

Nasolacrimal groove -> nasolacrimal cord

44
Q

7 examples of neural crest cell derivatives

A
  1. Autonomic ganglia
  2. Dorsal root ganglia
  3. Leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid)
  4. Schwann cells
  5. Adrenal medulla
  6. Melanocytes
  7. Sensory cells of cranial nerves
45
Q

6 examples of neuroectoderm derivaties

A
  1. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
  2. CNS
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Astrocytes
  5. Pineal gland
  6. Retina and optic nerve
46
Q

8 examples of surface ectoderm derivatives

A
  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
  2. Epidermis
  3. Hair
  4. Nails
  5. Inner ear
  6. External ear
  7. Lens of eye
  8. Parotid gland
47
Q

Heart, blood, dermis, muscles, vessels, adrenal cortex, dura mater, bone, spleen, kidney and ureter are all derivatives of what?

A

Mesoderm

48
Q

GI tract, lung, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, submandibular and sulingual glands, and middle ear and auditory tube are derivatives of what?

A

Endoderm

49
Q

What are the 3 layers that the sperm must cross to enter an ovum for fertilization?

A
  1. Corona radiata
  2. Zona pellucida
  3. Cell membrane of the ovum
50
Q

What are the first 3 steps after fertilization?

A
  1. Diploid restored
  2. Sex determined
  3. Initiation of cleavage - 1st mitotic division (fertilization ends here)

NBDE PART I (10 decks)

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