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NBDE PART I > DNA/RNA > Flashcards

DNA/RNA Flashcards

1
Q

The HIV virus has the unique ability to do what to DNA and with what enzyme?

A

Produce DNA from an mRNA molecule by using reverse transcriptase

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2
Q

How does the location of ribosomes differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Prokatyotes - free floating or attached to plasma membrane

Eukatyotes - free floating or bound to the ER (RER)

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3
Q

The _____ ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in bacterial cells and chloroplasts, composed of 2 rRNA subunits (30s and 50s).

A

70s

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4
Q

The ____ ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and composed of two rRNA subunits (40s &60s)

A

80s

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5
Q

What 5 enzymes are depended on for genetic recombination experiments?

A
  1. DNA ligases (join)
  2. endouncleases (internally cleaves phosphodiester bonds)
  3. DNA polymerase I
  4. Reverse transcriptase (makes DNA copy of RNA molecule)
  5. Exonucleases (cleave nucleotides from 3’ or 5’ end)
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6
Q

What technique is used to detect mutations in DNA and can also ifentify DNA restriction fragments? It combines the use of restriction enzymes and DNA probes.

A

Southern blot

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7
Q

What are 4 areas of research that are using recombinant DNA technology?

A
  1. human insulin
  2. anticoagulants
  3. erythropoietin
  4. human growth hormone
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8
Q

Name 3 bacterial cloning vectors?

A
  1. Plasmids
  2. bacteriophages
  3. Cosmids
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9
Q

In DNA replication, how is the new ssDNA built?

A

3’ to 5’

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10
Q

What is the purpose of RNA intermediates?

A

To prime DNA polymerase then are later replaced by DNA

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11
Q

What enzyme re-forms the coiled structure of DNA after the replication fork has passed?

A

DNA gyrase

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12
Q

2 main differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - double stranded

RNA - ribonucleic acid - single stranded

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13
Q

What is the backbone of nucleic acids made up of?

A

Alternating phosphate and pentose units, with a purine or pyrimidine base attached to each

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14
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of uric acid from purine bases?

A

Xanthine oxidase

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15
Q

what enzyme in purine and pyrimidine synthesis has made it a target for antimetabolites used in chemotherapy?

A

tetrahydrofolic acid (TFA)

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16
Q

What is the third position in a codon known as?

A

“wobble” position , 3rd position can change and sometimes it still accounts for the same AA

17
Q

Name 3 AA that only have 1 codon

A
  1. Tryptophan
  2. Methionine
  3. Selenocysteine
18
Q

Initiation codon

A

AUG

19
Q

An _______ is a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA complementary to a codon for an AA in a mRNA. tRNA and mRNA are paired ________.

A

Anticodon

Antiparallel

20
Q

How many H bonds between G and C?

How many H bonds between A and T?

A

3 in G-C

2 A-T (weaker so aids in release of newly formed RNA from DNA template)

21
Q

The A-T base pair promotes what in DNA but not so in RNA?

A

Helix stabilization

22
Q

Which is larger, purines or pyrimidines?

A

Purines

23
Q

Which base pairs give DNA a higher melting temperature?

A

G-C

24
Q

Is the DNA/RNA backbone hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic and highly polar

Bases are hydrophobic and use van der waals interactions

25
Q

The ribose phosphate portion of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides comes from PRPP. PRPP is synthesized from ATP and ribose 5 phosphate, which is primarily formed by what?

A

pentose phosphate pathway

26
Q

Which type of RNA is least adundant?

A

mRNA (rRNA most abundant)

27
Q

Which RNA is the template for protein synthesis and contains the codon?

A

mRNA

28
Q

What is the group of enzymes that ensures that the correct AA is attached to the tRNA with the correct anticodon. Highly specific, no error checking

A

Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase

NBDE PART I (10 decks)

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