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Peds > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral anomalies

A

formation failure, segmentation failure, mixture of both

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2
Q

what forms vertebral bodies

A

sclerotomes, that migrate ventromedial on each side of the notochord. vertebral bodies are formed from cranial and caudal sclerotomes

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3
Q

somites

A

42-44 pairs formed by the union of mesoderm cells

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4
Q

somites give rise to ____, ____, and ____, at what week?

A

sclerotomes, myotomes, dermatomes, 4th week

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5
Q

notochord is formed by what cells

A

mesoderm cells

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6
Q

nucleus pulposus is formed by…

A

remnants of the degenerated notochord

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7
Q

annulus fibrosis orginates from what cells?

A

sclerotome cells

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8
Q

vertebral formation defects

A

absence of a structural vertebral element resulting in a misshaped vertebra. caused by inadequate blood supply to vertebral bodies

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9
Q

typed of vertebral formation defects

A

wedged vertebra, hemi-vertebra

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10
Q

wedged vertebra

A

unilateral partial failure of vertebral formation

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11
Q

hem-vertebra

A

half of the vertebra is absent

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12
Q

results of vertebral formation defects (dx)

A

genetic scoliosis, torticollis

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13
Q

vertebral segmentation defects

A

failure of sclerotome segmentation. vertebra don’t separate properly and produce a bar w/ no growth plate or disk btwn vertebra. can result in scoliosis

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14
Q

congenital spinal deformities

A

failure of normal vertebral formation in 4th-6th week of gestation. location of anomaly determines the deformity. in cervical region=torticollis, lateral=scoliosis, anterior=kyphosis.

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15
Q

congenital scoliosis

A

can dx w/ fetal US. may be diagnosed simultaneously with plagiocephally or torticollis. signs are patch of hair, midline skin hemangioma, congenital heart defects, kidney defects, LLD.

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16
Q

causes of spinal malformation

A

neural tube defects, vertebral formation failure, segmentation failure.

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17
Q

klippel-Feil syndrome

A

congenital fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebra/segmentation failure.

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18
Q

classic clinical triad of Klippel-Feil syndrome

A

low posterior hairline, short neck, cervical ROM limitation in 40-50% of pts. ROM usually limited in lateral bending and rotation.

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19
Q

VACTERL

A

acronym for syndromes that may co-exist with congenital spinal deformities. =vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheal anomalies, esophageal atresia, renal syndromes/problems, limb abnormalities.

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20
Q

% frequency of the presence of congenital heart defects with congenital spine defects

A

30%

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21
Q

congenital heart defects seen with congenital spinal deformities and why

A

b/c of the common origin of mesoderm. atrial or ventral septal defects. patent ductus arteriosus., tetralogy of Fallot, chest wall deformities (may present with rib fusion)

22
Q

skull development is different in what was from other boney formations?

A

it does not develop out of endochondral ossification like long bones

23
Q

skull development is derived from what cells?

A

mesenchymal cells derived from the neural crest and mesoderm cells

24
Q

skull development is by what process

A

interosseous ossification-intramembranous ossification: mesenchyme cells differentiate directly into the osteocytes without forming the hyaline cartilage model

25
Q

what is established during weeks 4-8 weeks of embryonic period?

A

all major external and internal structures are established. this organogenetic period starts development of all the major organ systems. teratogen from 4-8 weeks may cause major congenital anomalies.

26
Q

teratogen

A

any agent affecting fetal development (birth defects).

27
Q

vulnerability of fetus to teratogens is dependent upon

A

timing when cellular differentiation and morphogenesis is at its peak. magnitude, duration of exposure, ability to cross the placenta barrier.

28
Q

teratogen examples-STORCH

A

alcohol and drugs and STORCH-acronym for infections that can be passed to the fetus: syphillis, toxoplasmosis, other (HIV), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes.

29
Q

FAS

A

fetal alcohol syndrom. #1 cause of cognitive impairments. frontal lob disorder. comprises 10-20% of all cases of mental retardation. small size in weight and height, poor coordination, ADD/ADHD, poor memory, poor reasoning and judgement, sleep and sucking problems as a baby-failure to thrive, vision and hearing problems, heart, kidney, bone problems, hypotonia, learning disability, speech and language delay.

30
Q

pre-embryonic stage

A

1st 3 weeks. fertilization and implantation and formation of the placenta.

31
Q

embryonic stage

A

weeks 3-8. organogenesis period. very vulnerable to teratogens.

32
Q

ogranogensis

A

formation of the organ systems

33
Q

fetal period

A

weeks 8-40

34
Q

gastrulation

A

division to three primary germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

35
Q

structures that originate from mesoderm

A

blood vessels, muscles, connective tissue, bone, urogenital system, cardiovascular system (reason that congenital spine disorders show up with cardiac and kidney and congenital bone defects

36
Q

structures that originate from ectoderm

A

skin, CNS, cranial and sensory nerves, teeth

37
Q

structures that originate from endoderm

A

digestive tract, respiratory system

38
Q

neurulation is complete in ___ weeks

A

4

39
Q

what forms the neural plate?

A

ectodermal cells thickening

40
Q

how is the neural tube formed?

A

by the folding of the neural plate

41
Q

how is the neural crest formed?

A

by the separation of cells from the neural folds

42
Q

the neural tube…(does what?)

A

forms the CNS, extends from the hindbrain to S2, closes in a cranial to caudal direction by day 28 (end of week 4)

43
Q

the neural crest forms the_____

A

PNS

44
Q

causes of neural tube defects

A

genetic, nutritional (folic acid), environment (drugs like valproic acid)

45
Q

types of neural tube defects

A

anencephaly-failure of neural tube to close cranially, spina bifida: failure of the neural tube to close caudally.

46
Q

endochondral ossification* (add more detail)

A

long bone development from hyaline cartilage

47
Q

primary ossification center*

A

diaphysis

48
Q

Osteogenesis*

A

*

49
Q

secondary ossification center*

A

growth plate

50
Q

limb development early stage

A

limb bud development UE before LE

51
Q

apical ectodermal ridge

A

@ the apex of each limb bud. secretes fibroblast growth factor that induces the limb to grow.

Peds (8 decks)

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