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Block 4 Neuro > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal (branchial) apparatus

A
  • Mesenchyme bars that surround the developing foregut and neural tube.
  • Consists of pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves and membranes.
  • 1st observed during wk 4
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2
Q

What is the endodermal lining of the pharyngeal apparatus?

A

The primitive gut tube

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3
Q

Pharyngeal Arch

A

Core–from mesoderm, has its own blood and nerve supply.
Contributions form all 3 embryonic layers
6 arches, but 5 is rudimentary

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4
Q

Pharyngeal cleft

A

Each external depression (invagination) between arches. Covered with surface ectoderm

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5
Q

Pharyngeal pouch

A

Depressions viewed from the inside between the arches. Numbered rostral to caudally. Lined with endoderm. Diverticula of the pharynx.

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6
Q

Pharyngeal membrane

A

Where clefts and pouches meet each other during development.

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7
Q

Where does the mouth form?

A

Between the maxillary and mandibular prominence of the 1st pharyngeal arch. Site marked by buccopharyngeal membrane.

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8
Q

What forms the initial shape of the arches?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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9
Q

Where does the mesoderm that migrates to the arches come from?

A

Somites and somitomeres

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10
Q

What forms rostral somitomeres?

A

Eye muscle precursors

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11
Q

What forms occipital somites?

A

Tongue precursors

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12
Q

Is the migration of neural crest cells random or highly regulated?

A

Highly regulated (unlike mesenchymal movements)

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13
Q

What is the origin of neural crest cells?

A

Neuroectoderm

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14
Q

Elements present in each arch

A

Skeletal, muscular, neural, vascular

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15
Q

Cranial nerves and pharyngeal arches

A

Each arch is supplied by a single cranial nerve.

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16
Q

How are the cranial nerves formed?

A

Neurons from the brain and cranial ganglia grow into specific arches forming the cranial nerves

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17
Q

What are the branches that are derived from pharyngeal arches called?

A

Special visceral efferents. (Branchiomotor)

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18
Q

Aortic Arch arteries

A

Each pharyngeal arch contains an artery that develops in conjunction with the heart and the vascular system

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19
Q

What are the developmental axioms?

A
  • tubular structures can be stenotic or atretic
  • fusing structures can remain divided
  • obliterated structures can persist
20
Q

Possible locations for stenosis/atresia during development. (anatomical aberrations)

A

Ear canal, nasal passage, larynx, esophagus, trachea

21
Q

Possible locations for clefts during development (anatomical aberrations)

A

Ear pit, nasal masses, face, lip, palate, larynx, tracheal-esophageal

22
Q

Potential persistent structures in development

A

Thyroglossal duct, branchial cleft

23
Q

When do thyroid endocrine glands first appear?

A

24 days (midway in the 4th week)

24
Q

When does the thyroid reach it’s position anterior to the trachea?

A

7th week

25
Q

What connects to the thyroid to the tongue?

A

Thyroglossal duct. Connects when the thyroid is travelling

26
Q

Where does the tongue develop?

A

In the floor of the pharynx

27
Q

What does the tongue develop from?

A

Mesenchyme of first 4 pharyngeal arches.

28
Q

Where does the midline diverticulum of the thyroid travel?

A

Travels ventral to hyoid and laryngeal cartilages

29
Q

How often is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid present in people?

A

50% of the time

30
Q

What cells develop from the thyroid diverticulum?

A

Follicular cells

31
Q

What cells develop from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Parafollicular cells (from ultimobranchial body)

32
Q

Branchial cleft anatomy

A

Branches deep to the branchial arch derivatives it’s named after.

33
Q

Development of anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

2 distal tongue buds and 1 median tongue bud form rostral to foramen cecum. Distal tongue buds overgrow median bud and merge together.

34
Q

What does the median sulcus represent?

A

Line of fusion of distal tongue buds

35
Q

What does the terminal sulcus identify?

A

Boundary between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue and former buccopharyngeal membrane site.

36
Q

Development of the posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Copula and hypobranchial eminence develop in the floor of the pharynx. Hypobranchial eminence overgrows the copula.

37
Q

Is the 2nd arch a contributor to the definitive adult tongue?

A

No. It is overgrown by the mesenchyme from the 3rd arch.

38
Q

What do the epiglottis and extreme posterior part of the tongue develop from?

A

A midline swelling in the 4th arch.

39
Q

What does the palatoglossus develop from?

A

The head mesenchyme

40
Q

What do the rest of the tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus) derive from?

A

Myoblasts that migrate from the occipital myotomes along with hypoglossal nerve.

41
Q

Sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (GSA and taste)

A

GSA: lingual nerve (branch of V3)
Taste: Chorda tympani branch (off facial n.)

42
Q

Sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (GVA and taste)

A

GVA: branches of CN IX and X
Taste: CN IX

43
Q

Sensory innervation for the epiglottis and extreme posterior of the tongue

A

GVA: CN X
Taste: CN X

44
Q

Motor innervation of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve supplies motor to all the tongue except the palatoglossus

45
Q

Pituitary gland formation

A

Evagination of the endothelium upward from the roof of the pharynx to the developing brain to form the glandular portion. Evagination downward toward the pharynx from developing hypothalamus forms the neural portion (neurohypophysis)

46
Q

Which portion of the pituitary gland is developed from the endothelium of the pharynx?

A

Then adenohypophysis

Block 4 Neuro (8 decks)

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