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Block 4 Neuro > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum function

A
  • Correcting/preventing motor mistakes
  • Ensuring accurate and smooth movements
  • Associative learning system
  • Role in cognition, language
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2
Q

Associative learning system

A

Learns to associate sensory input from actual movements with intended motor output (match motor output with expected sensory input).
–Contributes to learning new motor skills such as timing and coordination. Contributes to “automatic actions”

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3
Q

Vermis function

A

Midline movements

  • Speech
  • Posture
  • Stance
  • Gait
  • Visceral function
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4
Q

Paravermis function

A

Appendicular movements

  • Reaching
  • Grasping
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5
Q

Lateral hemisphere function

A

Extensive reciprocal connections w/cortex

  • Spatially and temporally complex movements needing coordination
  • Cognition
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6
Q

Internal cerebellum structure

A
  • Cortex
  • White matter
  • deep cerebellar nuclei
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7
Q

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A 
Dentate
Interposed
--Emboliform
--Globus
Fastigial

“Don’t Eat Green Frogs”

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8
Q

What deep cerebellar nuclei is the vermis associated with?

A

Fastigial

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9
Q

What deep cerebellar nuclei is the paravermis associated with?

A

Interposed (Emboliform and globus)

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10
Q

What deep cerebellar nuclei are the lateral hemispheres associated with?

A

Dentate

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11
Q

Cerebellar cortex function

A

Important for learning new movement combinations

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12
Q

White matter projections

A

Projections from the cortex to the deep nuclei

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13
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Input: from cortex and direct input
Provide output from cerebellum
Ongoing movement monitoring

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14
Q

Purkinje cell layer

A

Perpendicular to the parallel fibers. Dendritic cells set up to receive information

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15
Q

How many contacts does each purkinje cell receive from parallel fibers?

A

10’s of thousands

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16
Q

Where do axons bifurcate from the granule cell layer? What are they called?

A

Molecular layer.

Parallel fibers

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17
Q

Mossy fibers

A

Massive in #.
Originate from wide variety of spinal and brainstem locations.
Excite: deep cerebellar nuclei and granule cells in cerebellar cortex.
Multiple mossy fibers synapse on each granule cell

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18
Q

Source of mossy fibers

A

Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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19
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Sensory and motor information from spinal cord.

Vestibular, auditory, and visual info

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20
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular, auditory, and visual information

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21
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A 
Cerebral cortex (motor, sensory, prefrontal).
Via pontine nuceli (not direct)
22
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Ipsilateral input from dorsal and rostral spinocerebellar tracts and cuneocerebellar tract

23
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Massive contralateral input from pontine nuceli

24
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Mostly output. Input from ventral spinocerebellar tract

25
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Originate in contralateral inferior olive

26
Q

Where does inferior olive receive input from?

A

Parvocellular red nucleus, reticular formation, spinal cord

27
Q

Where do climbing fibers enter the cerebellum from?

A

Inferior peduncle

28
Q

Do climbing fibers contact many purkinje cells?

A

No. Each purkinje cell only gets one climbing fiber

29
Q

What is the importance of climbing fibers?

A

Detecting error in motions. Also needed for motor learning.

30
Q

Reafference

A

Sensory info from periphery about motions actually occurring. Enables system to identify unexpected conditions

31
Q

Efference copy (corollary discharge)

A

Neural copy of motor commands

32
Q

Spinocerebellar mossy fibers (proprioceptive)

A

Proprioceptive info (Ia, Ib and II) from ipsilateral muscles through dorsal, cuneocerebellar tract, and mesnencephalic nucleus

33
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

C8 and below via Clarke’s column (proprioceptive info)

34
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract

A

Rostral to C8 via accessory cuneate nucleus (proprioceptive info)

35
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus

A

face (proprioceptive info)

36
Q

What supplies spinocerebellar mossy fiber motor info?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar tract and rostral spinocerebellar tract

37
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

Crosses midline in spinal cord, enters cerebellum through superior CP, crosses again in the cerebellum

38
Q

Rostral spinocerebellar tract

A

Starts in cervical spinal cord and stays ipsilateral

39
Q

Which two tracts have reafference information?

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar

40
Q

Which two tracts have efference copy information?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar and rostral spinocerebellar tracts

41
Q

Spinocerebellar outputs function

A

Posture, orientation, gait (vermis) and reaching and grasping (paravermis)

42
Q

Causes of deficits in spinocerebellum–gait ataxia

A

Alcohol, some genetic disorders

43
Q

Spinocerebellar ataxia

A

Causes gait ataxia. Due to variety of genetic disorders

44
Q

Alcohol and spinocerebellum deficits

A

Can be acute or chronic. Chronic abuse leads to deterioration of anterior division from abuse. Wide, staggering gait, little impairment of arms and hands

45
Q

Deficits in spinocerebellum

A 
Dysmetria
Action tremor
Timing disorders
Movement decomposition
Gait ataxia
Inability to adapt motor programs to changed circumstances
46
Q

Vestibulocerebellar outputs

A

Flocculus and nodulus–> Vestibular nuclei–> Vestibular tracts

47
Q

Deficits in vestibulocerebellum

A

Problems with balance and equilibrium (fall toward the side of lesion)
Vertigo
Visual problems (nystagmus, loss of smooth eye pursuit, oscillopsia or diplopia)

48
Q

Deficits in cerebrocerebellum

A

Motor control deficits
Impairments in highly skilled motions
Cognitive deficits

49
Q

Cerebrocerebellum outputs (through parvocellular red nucleus

A

Lateral cerebellar hemisphere–> dentate nucleus–> parvocellular red nucleus–> inferior olives–> climbing fibers

50
Q

Cerebrocerebellum outputs (through contralateral VL thalamus)

A

Lateral cerebellar hemisphere–> dentate nucleus–> contralateral VL thalamus–> cortical motor outputs

Block 4 Neuro (8 decks)

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