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Block 4 Neuro > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

Involves integration of information. Produces a perceptual “whole” Guides choice of appropriate behaviors.

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2
Q

Default network

A

Involved in: autobiographical memories, planning future, making moral decisions, daydreaming or mind-wandering

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3
Q

Task positive network

A

Active when performing some tasks

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4
Q

When can the default network be disturbed?

A

Depression
OCD
Schizophrenia
Autism

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5
Q

Primary areas of cortical organization

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex

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6
Q

Association cortex

A

Unimodal (one sensory modality) and multimodal (across modalities)

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7
Q

Unimodal areas

A

Premotor cortex
Visual association cortex
Auditory association cortex
Somatosensory association cortex

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8
Q

Primary sensory cortex gets input from where?

A

Sense-specific thalami nucleus and other cortical areas

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9
Q

Association cortex getting information from where?

A

Multimodal thalamic nuclei

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10
Q

Sensory cortex and association cortex output?

A

Other cortical areas. Can be cortical-cortical connections or callosal connections. Thalamus and other subcortial structures

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11
Q

Where does output from layer 5 go?

A

To thalamus and other subcorticla structures (basal ganglia, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord)

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12
Q

Where does output from layer 6 go?

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

Association cortex function

A

Integrate input from different modalities, mediate “internal” cognition”, mediate between sensory inputs and appropriate behavioral output

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14
Q

Main inputs to the cortex

A

Thalamus, other cortical regions, brainstem nuclei (modulatory)

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15
Q

Main outputs

A

Cortical regions and to subcortical structures (including feedback to thalamus)

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16
Q

Modulatory inputs come from where?

A

Thalamus and brainstem

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17
Q

Which has a higher density of corticocortical connections (primary cortex and association cortex)

A

Association cortex

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18
Q

Parietal cortex

A

Visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs

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19
Q

Limbic cortex

A

Emotion and memory

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20
Q

Temporal cortex

A

Recognition and object identification, language

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Planning and decision making, working memory

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22
Q

Parietal association cortex (nondominant hemisphere)

A

Attention, visuospatial localization, spatial relationships

23
Q

Parietal association cortex (dominant hemisphere)

A

Skilled movements, right-left orientation

24
Q

Posterior parietal cortex damage symptoms?

A 
Spatial neglect (nondominant hemisphere)
Motor apraxias (dominant hemisphere)
25
Q

Spatial neglect

A

Failure to acknowledge half of the world, sensory systems are intact. Occurs in about 1/2 of right hemisphere strokes.

26
Q

How can you test for spatial neglect?

A

Ask to copy pictures

27
Q

Motor apraxia

A

Loss of ability to perform skilled motions.

Sensory and motor systems intact

28
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Involves gestures or the use of tools.

29
Q

How can you test for ideomotor apraxia?

A

-have patients pantomime use of imaginary tools, imitate the action, use actual tool.

30
Q

What indicates ideomotor apraxia damage?

A

Use of hand in place of imaginary tool

31
Q

Orofacial apraxia

A

Inability to make specific facial movements

32
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Inability to sequence actions

33
Q

Face neurons

A

Each neuron responds to particular features. Together they build a unified image

34
Q

Agnosias

A

Deficits in recognition. Inability to recognize or identify objects even when sensory systems working normally. Damage to several cortical areas can produce agnosia of different types

35
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces.

36
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognize an object by sight (Recognition by other senses still intact)

37
Q

Astereognosia

A

Inability to recognize an object by touch alone

38
Q

Cause of prosopagnosia

A

Bilateral lesion in the inferior temporal cortex

39
Q

Cause of visual agnosia

A

Damage to unimodal visual cortex

40
Q

Cause of astereognosia

A

Damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex

41
Q

Associative visual agnosia

A

Can identify, but not by name

42
Q

Cause of associative visual agnosia

A

Damage to posterior parietal cortex

43
Q

Finger agnosia

A

Inability to identify fingers individually.

44
Q

Cause of finger agnosia

A

Damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex

45
Q

Gerstmann syndrome

A

Finger agnosia, acalculia, agraphia, right-left confusion

46
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Planning, making decisions, purposeful action, sequencing behaviors over time, selection and exclusion of appropriate behavior, working memory

47
Q

Damage to prefrontal cortex leads to?

A

-Loss of impulse control
-Socially inappropriate behavior
-Disordered thought
-Inability to plan
-Repetition of a behavior
Inability to use information to guide behavior

48
Q

Wisconsin card sorting test

A

Tests ability to be flexible with changing schedules of reinforcement

49
Q

Maturation of cortex

A

Develops rapidly in the first year of life. Particularly sensitive to damage from stressors in infancy and early childhood

50
Q

What happens to the cortex when it matures?q

A

Changes in synaptic density, myelination, and gray matter thickness

51
Q

Do changes in the cortex occur uniformly?

A

No. Roughly a posterior-to-anterior gradient.

  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Less connected association areas
  3. Highly connected prefrontal, posterior parietal last.
52
Q

Which cortex connections mature first?

A

Local connections

53
Q

Which cortex areas are the first to degenerate?

A

Last areas to mature

Block 4 Neuro (8 decks)

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