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Phase 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

-Ovum, egg
-Female germ cell

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2
Q

What is sperm?

A

Male germ cell

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Cell resulting from union of oocyte and sperm at fertilisation

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4
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Early embryonic cells

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5
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid mass of 12-32 blastomeres

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6
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Stage where morula has entered uterine cavity and blastocystic cavity develops within

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7
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

Stage after trilaminar embryonic disc formation

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8
Q

What is a neurula?

A

Stage after gastrula when neural tube forms

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9
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Developing human during embryonic stage (to end of 8th week

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10
Q

What is a fetus?

A

Period from 9th week to birth

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11
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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12
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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13
Q

What happens on day 4?

A
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14
Q

What happens on day 5 and 6?

A
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15
Q

What becomes the embryo?

A

Inner cell mass

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16
Q

What does trophoblast become?

A

Embryonic part of placenta

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17
Q

What does synctiotrophoblast do?

A

Determines what crosses into the placenta

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18
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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19
Q

What forms on day 8?

A

Bilaminar disc

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20
Q

What is the position of the layers in the bilaminar disc?

A

-Ectoderm = outer
-Mesoderm = middle
-Endoderm = inner

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21
Q

What happens on days 8 and 9?

A
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22
Q

What happens on days 11-13?

A

Exocoleomic cyst = remnant of primary yolk sac

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23
Q

Label this diagram of day 13:

A
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24
Q

What happens here and on what day?

A

Formation of umbilical cord

25
Q

What happens on week 3?

A

-Gastrulation
-Bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar disc
-Called gastrula

26
Q

What has happened to form the primitive streak?

A

As the ectoderm grows, a folding occurs along the caudal midline which creates the primitive streak

27
Q

What are the two ends?

A
28
Q

What is happening in this diagram?

A
29
Q

Label and describe when this is:

A
30
Q

What does the ectoderm differentiate into?

A

-Epidermis of skin, hair and nails
-Mammary, sweat and sebaceous glands
-Central nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system
-Pituitary gland
-Teeth enamel
-Lens of eye and inner ear parts
-Sensory epithelium of nose, ear and eye

31
Q

What does the endoderm differentiate into?

A
32
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A
33
Q

Describe the formation of the notochord:

A
34
Q

What happens on week 4?

A

Neurulation

35
Q

What are the first and second steps of neuralation?

A
36
Q

What are the third and fourth steps of neurulation?

A
37
Q

Explain neurulation:

A
38
Q

Explain the clinical relevance of neurulation:

A
39
Q

What does this show?

A

-Varying degrees of spina bifida
-Sac protruding from spinal column - sometimes spinal cord and nerves in spinal sac damaged

40
Q

When does differentiation of mesoderm occur?

A

Simultaneous to neuralation

41
Q

Label this diagram:
What does it show?

A

Differentiation of mesoderm

42
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm differentiate into?

A
43
Q

Describe somites:

A

-First appear in future occipital region of embryo
-Develop craniocaudally
-Precursor populations giving rise to important structures of the vertebral body

44
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A
45
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm differentiate into?

A

-Urogenital system:
-Kidneys
-Gonads
-Respective duct system

46
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm split into?

A

-Two layers
-Somatic (parietal) layer mesoderm - outer layer
-Splanchnic (visceral) layer mesoderm - second layer

47
Q

What do the somatic and splanchnic layer mesoderms do?

A

-Somatic - covers inside of the chest and abdominal walls
-Splanchnic - covers organs in the thorax and abdomen

48
Q

What happens on week 4?

A

Embryo folding

49
Q

What does this show?
Describe it:

A

-Embryo folding
-Folding of both planes occur simultaneously

50
Q

What does this show?
Describe the process:

A
51
Q

Summarise what happens in lateral folding:

A
52
Q

Label this diagram:
What does it show?

A

Lateral folding

53
Q

Label this diagram of functions of body cavities:
What are they a result of?

A

Lateral folding

54
Q

What does this show?
Describe it:

A

Cephalo-caudal folding (1st stage of ventral folding)

55
Q

What does this show?

A

Cephalo-caudal folding (2nd stage of ventral folding)

56
Q

Summarise what happens on weeks 1 and 2:

A
57
Q

Summarise what happens on weeks 3 and 4:

A
58
Q

Summarise what happens on weeks 5 to end of 8:

A

Phase 1 (23 decks)

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