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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

-Ovum, egg
-Female germ cell

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2
Q

What is sperm?

A

Male germ cell

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Cell resulting from union of oocyte and sperm at fertilisation

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4
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Early embryonic cells

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5
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid mass of 12-32 blastomeres

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6
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Stage where morula has entered uterine cavity and blastocystic cavity develops within

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7
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

Stage after trilaminar embryonic disc formation

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8
Q

What is a neurula?

A

Stage after gastrula when neural tube forms

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9
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Developing human during embryonic stage (to end of 8th week

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10
Q

What is a fetus?

A

Period from 9th week to birth

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11
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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12
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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13
Q

What happens on day 4?

A
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14
Q

What happens on day 5 and 6?

A
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15
Q

What becomes the embryo?

A

Inner cell mass

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16
Q

What does trophoblast become?

A

Embryonic part of placenta

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17
Q

What does synctiotrophoblast do?

A

Determines what crosses into the placenta

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18
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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19
Q

What forms on day 8?

A

Bilaminar disc

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20
Q

What is the position of the layers in the bilaminar disc?

A

-Ectoderm = outer
-Mesoderm = middle
-Endoderm = inner

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21
Q

What happens on days 8 and 9?

A
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22
Q

What happens on days 11-13?

A

Exocoleomic cyst = remnant of primary yolk sac

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23
Q

Label this diagram of day 13:

A
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24
Q

What happens here and on what day?

A

Formation of umbilical cord

25
What happens on week 3?
-Gastrulation -Bilaminar disc becomes trilaminar disc -Called gastrula
26
What has happened to form the primitive streak?
As the ectoderm grows, a folding occurs along the caudal midline which creates the primitive streak
27
What are the two ends?
28
What is happening in this diagram?
29
Label and describe when this is:
30
What does the ectoderm differentiate into?
-Epidermis of skin, hair and nails -Mammary, sweat and sebaceous glands -Central nervous system -Peripheral nervous system -Pituitary gland -Teeth enamel -Lens of eye and inner ear parts -Sensory epithelium of nose, ear and eye
31
What does the endoderm differentiate into?
32
What does the mesoderm form?
33
Describe the formation of the notochord:
34
What happens on week 4?
Neurulation
35
What are the first and second steps of neuralation?
36
What are the third and fourth steps of neurulation?
37
Explain neurulation:
38
Explain the clinical relevance of neurulation:
39
What does this show?
-Varying degrees of spina bifida -Sac protruding from spinal column - sometimes spinal cord and nerves in spinal sac damaged
40
When does differentiation of mesoderm occur?
Simultaneous to neuralation
41
Label this diagram: What does it show?
Differentiation of mesoderm
42
What does the paraxial mesoderm differentiate into?
43
Describe somites:
-First appear in future occipital region of embryo -Develop craniocaudally -Precursor populations giving rise to important structures of the vertebral body
44
What do somites give rise to?
45
What does the intermediate mesoderm differentiate into?
-Urogenital system: -Kidneys -Gonads -Respective duct system
46
What does the lateral mesoderm split into?
-Two layers -Somatic (parietal) layer mesoderm - outer layer -Splanchnic (visceral) layer mesoderm - second layer
47
What do the somatic and splanchnic layer mesoderms do?
-Somatic - covers inside of the chest and abdominal walls -Splanchnic - covers organs in the thorax and abdomen
48
What happens on week 4?
Embryo folding
49
What does this show? Describe it:
-Embryo folding -Folding of both planes occur simultaneously
50
What does this show? Describe the process:
51
Summarise what happens in lateral folding:
52
Label this diagram: What does it show?
Lateral folding
53
Label this diagram of functions of body cavities: What are they a result of?
Lateral folding
54
What does this show? Describe it:
Cephalo-caudal folding (1st stage of ventral folding)
55
What does this show?
Cephalo-caudal folding (2nd stage of ventral folding)
56
Summarise what happens on weeks 1 and 2:
57
Summarise what happens on weeks 3 and 4:
58
Summarise what happens on weeks 5 to end of 8:

Phase 1 (23 decks)

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