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Phase 1 > Anatomy - Neuro > Flashcards

Anatomy - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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2
Q

Label these bones:

A
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3
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

Frontal lobe of the brain

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4
Q

What is in orange?

A

Orbital part of the frontal bone

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5
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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6
Q

What is this and what major structures make it up?

A

-Anterior cranial fossa
-Orbital part of frontal bone
-Ethmoid bone
-Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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7
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa contain?

A

-Temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the brain
-Much deeper than the anterior cranial fossa

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8
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

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9
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures a part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

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10
Q

Label this diagram:
What are they a part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

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11
Q

CN for optic canal?

A
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12
Q

CN for superior orbital fissure?

A
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13
Q

CN for foramen rotundum?

A
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14
Q

CN for foramen ovale?

A
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15
Q

What is this?

A

Sella turcica

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16
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?

A

-Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
-Deepest of the 3 fossa

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17
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures a part of?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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18
Q

What is this?

A
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19
Q

What is this?

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20
Q

What is this?

A
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21
Q

Label these:

A
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22
Q

What is this?
What does it connect?

A

-Levator palpebrae superioris
-Originates at posterior of orbit at common tendinous ring
-Inserts into upper eyelid

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23
Q

What is this and where is it?

A

-Lacrimal gland
-Just inside lateral margin of orbit adjacent to lateral margin of levator palpebrae superioris

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24
Q

What is this and where does it connect?

A

-Superior rectus
-Originates deep part of orbit at common tendinous ring
-Runs over the top of the eyeball and inserts anterior to the equator to the eyeball just behind the conjunctival sac

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25
Q

What is this?

A
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26
Q

Label this diagram and describe them:

A

-Superior oblique - originates posterior orbit and runs forwards to pass through trochlea and insert posterior eyeball
-Trochlea - structure superior oblique passes through
-Medial rectus muscle - running along length of medial aspect of orbit on a deeper plane than the superior oblique muscle

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27
Q

What are these and what are they embedded?

A

Back of orbit

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28
Q

What are these and what are they embedded in?

A

Back of orbit

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29
Q

What are these?

A
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30
Q

What are these?

A
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31
Q

What are at the back of the orbit?
Nerve and arteries

A

-Optic nerve CII
-Ophthalmic artery - lateral to medial over optic nerve
-Central artery of retina - into optic nerve
-Superior opthalmic nerve
-Nasociliary nerve - attached ciliary ganglion CN V1

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32
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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33
Q

What is this?

A

-Inferior rectus muscle beneath subarachnoid space

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34
Q

What is this?

A

Oculomotor nerve CNIII

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35
Q

What is this?

A

Abducens nerve to lateral rectus

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36
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise and which innervate the eye?

A

-Oculomotor (CNIII) - branches to orbit
-Facial (CN VII) - branches to orbit
-Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
-Vagus (X)
Sacral spinal segments 2,3,4

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37
Q

Describe parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII):

A

-Originate Edinger-Westphal nucleus in mid-brain
-Travel into the branch to inferior oblique muscle
-Leave nerve to inferior oblique + enter ciliary ganglion gibing fibres that innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

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38
Q

Describe the pathway of parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve (CNVII):

A

-Leave nerve in middle ear
-Synapse in ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa and supply lacrimal gland

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39
Q

Describe the sympathetic outflow and specifically that of the orbit and eye:

A

-From spinal segments thoracic 1 to lumbar 2
-Pass into sympathetic trunks which run from base of skull to bottom of sacrum
-Symp fibres to orbot arise from T1, pass up sympathetic trunk through stellate ganglion to base of skull
-Leave superior cervical ganglion to supply dilator pupillae muscle and blood vessels

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40
Q

Describe extra-ocular muscle movement:

A

-Eye muscles work together with other eye muscles of the same eye and opposite to move eye in various directions
-A given extra-ocular muscle if working on its own in isolation would move front of eye in specific direction

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41
Q

Label this diagram:

A

Ciliary processes radiate from the lens

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42
Q

What is this?

A

Lateral to optic disc
Concentration of cones

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43
Q

Label this diagran:

A
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44
Q

What consists the brainstem?

A

-Midbrain
-pons
-Medulla Oblongata

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45
Q

What is the midbrain divided into?
What are they separated by?

A

-Tectum dorsal to aqueduct of midbrain & IVth ventricle
-Ventral tegmentum lies ventral to aqueduct of midbrain and IVth ventricle

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46
Q

What is the medulla oblongata anatomically?

A

-Continuation of spinal cord within skull
-Begins foramen magnum
-Limited above by caudal border of pons abd bulbopontine sulcus

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47
Q

What is this?

A
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48
Q

What is this?

A

-Crus cerebri
-Two columns of descending fibres (e.g. corticospinal, corticobulbar)

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49
Q

What is this?

A
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50
Q
A
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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56
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57
Q

Label:

A
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58
Q

Label:

A
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59
Q

What is this and what does it form?

A

-Forms posterolateral margin of medulla
-Thick bundle of white matter passing through medulla

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60
Q

What is the anterior median fissure?

A

-Partial division of medulla in ventral midline

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61
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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62
Q

Label this diagram:

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63
Q

Label this diagram:

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64
Q

Label this diagram of the cerebellum:

A
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65
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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66
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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67
Q

What is this?

A
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68
Q
A

Horizontal fissure

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69
Q

label;
What do these two form?

A

Flocculo-nodular lobe

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70
Q

What is sent to superior cerebellar peduncle?

A
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71
Q

What is sent to middle peduncle?

A
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72
Q

What is sent to inferior peduncle?

A
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73
Q
A
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74
Q

What do each of the peduncles connect to?

A

Medulla - inferior
Pons - middle
Midbrain - superior

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75
Q

What does this show?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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76
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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77
Q
A
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78
Q

What is this?

A

Fourth ventricle

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79
Q

label these structures of the fourth ventricle:

A
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80
Q
A
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81
Q

what is this?

A

-posterior median sulcus
-separates rhomboid fossa into triangular left and right parts

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82
Q

what is this?

A

obex

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83
Q

what is this?

A

corpus callosum

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84
Q

what is this?

A

third ventricle of brain

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85
Q

what is this?

A

septum pellucidum

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86
Q
A

permits CSF to flow from lateral ventricles to third ventricles

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87
Q
A

flow of CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle

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88
Q
A

central sulcus

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89
Q
A

paracentral lobule

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90
Q
A

cingulate sulcus

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91
Q
A

cingulate gyrus

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92
Q
A
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93
Q
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94
Q
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95
Q
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96
Q
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97
Q
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98
Q
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99
Q
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100
Q
A
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101
Q

What types of fibres are different areas of the cortex connected by (white matter)?

A
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102
Q

What are the two basic functions of uniting the two cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Bringing together separate representations of the two halves of the body, the visual field and the auditory surround
  • Uniting areas of the cortex which have functions specialised to one hemisphere.
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103
Q

What happens if the corpus callosum is separated?

A
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104
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia and associated nuclei?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globulus pallidus
-Subthalmic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Pendunculopontine nucleus

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105
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

-Putamen
-Globus pallidus

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106
Q

What makes up the striatum? (neostriatum) and what is it?

A

-Caudate nucles
-Putamen
-Input for basal ganglia

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107
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum? What is it?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globus pallidus
-Major input of basal ganglia

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108
Q

What is this?

A

Basal ganglia

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109
Q
A
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110
Q
A

Cingulate gyrus

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111
Q
A
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112
Q

What role does the uncus play?

A

Olfaction, emotions, memory

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113
Q
A

Olfactory tract splits into medial and lateral striae at beginning of perforated substance

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114
Q
A
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115
Q
A
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116
Q

What is this and what passes behind it?

A

Column of fornix

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117
Q

What connections can be seen from the fornix?

A

-Continuation of fornix to mamillary bodies
-Second fibre bundle passes from anterior mamillary body to anterior thalamus - these anterior nuclei project into cingulate gyrus cortex
-Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri connected by longitudinal association fibres

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118
Q

What does this show?

A

Cingulum bundle, one of many association fibres

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119
Q

What are association fibres?

A

-Axons interconnecting different areas of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere
-All areas of the cortex receive both long and short association fibres
-Largest is superior longitudinal fasciculus

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120
Q

What types of association fibres are there?

A

-Short - adjacent gyri
-Long - different lobes of the hemishpere

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121
Q
A
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122
Q

What vertically running association bundles are found deep to the cingulum bundle?

A

-Corona radiata
-Carries fibres between cortical and sub-cortical structures and are continuous below with the internal capsule

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123
Q
A

narrow cleft between the thalamus and fornix in which blood vessels covered by pia invaginate the epindyma to form choroid plexus

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124
Q
A
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125
Q
A

-Anterior - curves downwards into frontal lobe from interventricular foramen, septum and fornix medial
-Body - roofed by corpus callosum medial walls fornix + septum
-Inferior - tail of caudate and stria terminalis follow inner curve of ventricle and continuous with anygdaloid body at tip

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126
Q
A

infero lateral aspect of anterior horn of lateral ventricles

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127
Q

.

A

slender bundle of white fibres following the curve of the caudate around temporal horn of ventricles connecting amygdala to septum and hypothalamus
Major efferent of amygdala

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128
Q
A

-Shaped like almond
-overlies medial of tip of inferior horn deep to uncus
-continuous medially with temporal lobe and posteriorly with tail of caudate

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129
Q
A

-Medially 5cm on floor of inferior horn of ventricle
-Anteriorly expanded into two or three shallow grooves giving paw-like appearance - pes hippocampi

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130
Q

what are these?

A

pes hippocampi

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131
Q

What fibres run here?

A

efferent fibres from hippocampus leading to fornix forming flattened longitudinal bunch of white matter on medial margin of ventricular surface of hippocampus

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132
Q

what can limbic system lesions cause?

A

-Anterograde amnesia
-Emotional responses in absence of external stimuli
-innapropriate emotional responses to stimuli

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133
Q
A
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134
Q
A

White matter

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135
Q
A

-Forms part of basal ganglia being a subcortical structure derived from telencephalon
-receives from and projects into cerebral cortex in organised manner
-Has cells that respond to visual, auditory and sensory stimuli

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136
Q
A

Seperates putamen from claustrum

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137
Q
A

Comprised of laterally placed putamen and medially placed globus pallidus

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138
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A
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139
Q
A
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140
Q

What is the gray matter of the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallidus
lateral and medial sections

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141
Q
A

convergence and concentration of white matter projection fibres which carries all motor and sensory fibres to and from the cortex

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142
Q
A

-Forceps major and minor
-Major - posterior curve of corpus callosum into parietal and occipital lobes forming 2/3 of a circle with opposite side
-Minor - anterior curve of corpus callosum fibres into frontal lobe forming 2/3 circle with opposite side

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143
Q
A
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144
Q

Label papez circuit:

A
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145
Q

Label pathways of papez circuit:

A
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146
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of and in what numbers?

A

-7 cervical vertebrae
-12 thoracic vertebrae
-5 lumbar vertebrae
-Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
-Coccyx - fusion of four or more rudimentary vertebrae

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147
Q

What does the vertebral column transmit and through what?

A

-Transmits body weight on to lower limbs through SACROILIAC JOINTS

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148
Q
A
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149
Q

What is contained in the vertebral canal?

A

The spinal cord and its coverings and the spinal nerves are contained within the vertebral canal

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150
Q
A
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151
Q
A
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152
Q
A
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153
Q
A
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154
Q

What is the upper most spinous process that is palpable and what is it called?

A

-7th cervical vertebra
-‘Vertebra prominent’
-Long non-bifid spine

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155
Q

What is the highest point in the iliac crest in line with?

A

-Interval between L3/L4 spines

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156
Q

What is the shape of the vertebral column and when is it formed?

A

-Sinusoidal shape
-After birth

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157
Q

Describe how the curvature of the spine forms after birth:

A

-In the foetus the vertebral column is C-shaped with a concavity facing anteriorly
-After birth, secondary curvatures with convexity develops in the cervical region when child holds up head
-Also in lumbar region when legs start weight bearing

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158
Q
A
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159
Q

What are the four movements of the vertebral column and their angles?

A

-Forward flexion (40 degrees)
-Extension (15 degrees)
-Lateral flexion (30 degrees)
-Rotation (40 degrees)

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160
Q

Movements and angles of vertebral column and their angles:

A
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161
Q

What is this and what makes it up?

A
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162
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of and what do they withstand?

A

-Strong fibrocartilaginous structures
-Can withstand compression forces but are flexible enough to allow movements between the vertebrae

163
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral discs?

A

-Nucleus pulposus
-Surrounded by annulus fibrosis

164
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made of?

A

-Well hydrated gel
-Having proteoglycan, collagen, cartilage cells

165
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made of and what does it connect to?

A

-10-12 concentric layers of collagen whose oblique arrangement alters in successive layers
-Peripherally is attached to vertebral bodies as well as to the posterior longitudinal ligament

166
Q

What are these and what connect to them?

A

Annulus fibrous

167
Q
A
168
Q
A

Erector spinae

169
Q
A
170
Q
A
171
Q
A
172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

The ‘space’ between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord

175
Q
A
176
Q

What is in the epidural space?

A

Small arteries that supply the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses

177
Q

What are some features of the veins in the plexuses of the epidural space?

A

-Batson’s veins
-Contain no valves
-Communicate freely with the intercostal veins and pelvic veins, including veins draining the prostate

178
Q

What is a spinal cord segment?

A

The area of the spinal cord from which a pair of spinal nerves are given off

179
Q

How many spinal cord segments and nerves are there?

A

-31 pairs of spinal nerves
-31 segments:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

180
Q

Where are sensory fibres carried in the spinal nerve?

A

-Dorsal root
-Has a dorsal root ganglion that houses the cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres

181
Q

Where are motor fibres carried in the spinal nerve?

A

Ventral (anterior) root

182
Q

Where do the ventral roots emerge on the spinal cord and where do they join?

A

-Anterolateral aspect of the cord on either side

183
Q
A
184
Q

What happens to the anterior and posterior spinal cord roots?

A

-Anterior and posterior roots join together on the intervertebral foramen to form the SPINAL NERVE
-Spinal nerve emerge from foramen and divides into anterior and posterior rami

185
Q
A
186
Q
A
187
Q

What do anterior and posterior rami each contain?

A

Motor and sensory fibres

188
Q

How does length of nerve roots differ?

A

Increases progressively from upwards downwards

189
Q

What do lumbar and sacral spinal roots form?

A

Lumbar and sacral nerve roots below the termination of the cord form the cauda equina (latin for horse’s tail)

190
Q
A
191
Q

What do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord via and what is anterior and posterior to this structure?

A

-Intervertebral foramen
-Anterior = bodies of adjoining vertebrae and intervening intervertebral discs
-Posterior = Synovial joints between the two superior and inferior articular processes

192
Q
A
193
Q
A
194
Q
A

Dorsal root ganglion - location of cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres

195
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Interval between first and second lumbar vertebrae

196
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Interval between first and second lumbar vertebrae

197
Q

Describe them:

A

-Conus medullaris - tapering end of cord
-Filum terminale - fibrous strand extending from conus medullaris to coccyx
-Cauda equina - nerves from the lower part of the cord, the lumbar and sacral cords, hanging obliquely downwards

198
Q

What are they all?

A

Descending motor tracts

199
Q

What are they all?

A

Ascending sensory tracts

200
Q

What is this?
Describe it:

A

-Greater petrosal nerve
-Parasympathetic branch of facial nerve (CNVII)
-Emerges from petrous temporal bone and passes anteromedially

201
Q

What is this and where does it lie?

A

Tegmen tympani
Lies lateral and posterior to the greater petrosal nerve

202
Q

Describe:

A

-Branch of facial nerve
-Crossing tympanic membrane
Chorda tympani

203
Q

Label:

A
204
Q
A
205
Q
A
206
Q

What are in the crus cerebri?

A

Columns of descending fibres
e.g. corticospinal and corticobulbar

207
Q

What are in the pyramids of the medulla?

A

-Fibres passing from cerebral hemispheres to the cord
-Corticospinal tracts

208
Q

What happens at the decusations of the pyramids?

A

-Diagonally oriented bundles of fibres crossing the fissure via which 80% of the corticospinal fibres cross the midline to enter the lateral white column of the spinal cord

209
Q

What is in the olive of the medulla?

A

Presence of underlying inferior olivary nucleus and is concerned with the control of movement

210
Q
A
211
Q

Label these tracts:

A
212
Q
A
213
Q

What is the tectum and tegmentum made up of?

A

Tectum - dorsal to aqueduct and made up of colliculi
Tegmentum - ventral to aqueduct, made up of nerve fibres entering and leaving the cerebral hemispheres, nerve nuclei etc.

214
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi associated with?

A

Superior - visual system, visual reflexes
Inferior - auditory system, reflex of looking towards loud noise

215
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

Pineal gland
Endocrine gland that synthesises melatonin which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

216
Q

What are these and describe them:

A

Inferior brachium - conveys auditory info from medial geniculate body to inferior colliculi
Superior brachium - conveys visual info from lateral geniculate body to superior colliculus

217
Q

What does the tegmentum contain at the level of the pons?

A

Nuclei of:
-Abducens VI
-Facial VII
-Trigeminal V (motor of mastication)

218
Q
A
219
Q

What does the gracile fasciculus do?

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from lower limb

220
Q

What does the cuneate fasciculus do?

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from the upper limb

221
Q

What does the tegmentum contain at the level of the medulla?

A

Nuclei of:
IX
X
XI
XII

222
Q

What are the nuclei underlying the gracile and cuneate tubercles also called and what do they contain?

A

-Dorsal column nuclei
-Major relay sites for the dorsal column sensory pathway (dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway)

223
Q

What is the mnemonic for the geniculate bodies?

A

MALES
Medial geniculate = Auditory
Lateral geniculate = Eye (visual)
Lateral = eye = superior colliculus (medial is inferior by default)

224
Q

Label the locations of the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem:

A
225
Q
A
226
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember which cranial nerves are sensory or motor?

A

I Some
II Say
III Marry
IV Money
V But
VI My
VII Brother
VIII Says
IX Big
X Boobs
Xi Matter
XII More

227
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Coordination of movement and balance

228
Q

What does the cerebellum compose of?

A

-Two ovoid hemispheres joined by the midline by a narrow median vermis
-Outer layer of grey matter - cortex
-inner core of white matter surrounding centrally placed deep nucleu (aggregations of nerve cells)

229
Q

What are these and describe them:

A

-Folia are individual ridges of cerebellar cortex
-Surface is marked by closely set transverse curiving fissures which delineate the folia

230
Q
A
231
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

Runs through the midbrain and interconnects the third and fourth ventricles

232
Q

What is the flocculo-nodular lobe primarily concerned with?

A

Vestibular information - balance

233
Q

What is this?

A

Tonsil of cerebellum
Prominent rounded swelling of cerebellar cortex anteriorly on either side of the vermis

234
Q

Describe the corticopontocerebellar tract:

A

-Info from the primary motor cortex of the motor plan (same info goes to the spine)
-Connects to cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle

235
Q

Describe the vestibulocerebellar tract:

A

-Vestibular impulses from labyrinths directly and via the vestibular nucleus
-Connects to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle

236
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar tracts:

A

-Sensory input for balance and position sense
-Ventral spinocerebellar is contraleteral and connects via superior cerebellar peduncle
-Dorsal spinocerebellar is ipsilateral and connects via inferior cerebellar peduncle

237
Q

Describe the dentate nucleus:

A

-Largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei
-Major fibre bundles passing into the superior cerebellar peduncle

238
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Facial colliculus
-Rounded swelling caused by fibres of facial nerve in the substance of the pons curving around nucleus of abducens nerve at level of superior fovea

239
Q
A
240
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Medullary striae
-Aberrant ponto-cerebellar fibres passing from pons to cerebellum
-Divide the floor of the fourth ventricle into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half

241
Q
A
242
Q
A
242
Q
A
243
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Area postrema
-Small tongue-shaped are immediately rostro-lateral to obex
-Commonly associated with nausea control - chemoreceptive trigger zone for the emetic response and lie outside the blood-brain barrier

244
Q

Label and describe:

A

Interventricular foramen - permits CSF flow from lateral ventricles to IIIrd ventricle

245
Q
A
246
Q

Describe:

A

Begins a little behind the midpoint of the hemisphere
-Extends short distance onto medial surface and running forwards and downwards before reaching lateral sulcus

247
Q

Describe this:

A

-Paracentral lobule
-U-shaped gyrus
-Surrounds medial extensions of central sulcus
-Contains representations of lower limb within the primary motor and somatic sensory areas of the cortex
which on the lateral surface occupy the pre-central and post-central gyri respectively

248
Q

What does the cingulate sulcus do?

A

Separates the cingulate gyrus (on top of the corpus callosum) from the the rest of the hemisphere

249
Q
A

Pareto-occipital sulcus

250
Q

What lies within the walls of the bottom structure?

A

Primary visual cortex

251
Q

What are these?

A

-Striae of genari
-White band in the primary visual cortex running parallel with the pial surface in the mid-depth grey matter
-Gives the name striate cortex to the primary visual area

252
Q

Describe them:

A

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) grey matter is over twice as thick as that of the posterior primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

253
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Broad arched band of white matter and the largest of the white fibre bundles interconnecting the two halves of the brain

254
Q

Describe this:

A

-Fornix
-White matter bundle beneath the corpus callosum that connects the hippocampus with the diencephalon and precommissural septum

255
Q
A
256
Q

What does the anterior commissure of the fornix do?

A

Thick bundle of white matter crossing the midline horizontally between lamina terminalis and fornix
Crosses to interconnect temporal lobes and olfactory structures of either side

257
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Dorsal part of diencephalon
-Major subcortical relay for info ascending into the cerebral cortex
-Afferent info may be modified by the substantial descending projections to the thalamus from all parts of the cortex

258
Q
A
259
Q
A
260
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

Flattened grey disc joining the thalami of each side behind the interventricular foramen

261
Q

What is the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

Shallow groove on lateral wall of IIIrd ventricle extending from cerebral aqueduct to interventricular foramen
-Separates the diencephalon into dorsal and ventral parts

262
Q

What is this?

A

Diencephalon

263
Q
A
264
Q

What are these and what do they do?

A

Medial = relays auditory info from midbrain to auditory cortex and passes some fibres via inferior brachium to inferior colliculi
Lateral = relays visual info from optic nerve to both the visual cortex via optic radiation and superior colliculi via superior brachium for pupillary reflexes

265
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Ventral part of diencephalon that extends from lamina terminalis to a vertical plane in front of maxillary bodies
-Important centre contributing to body homeostasis and autonomic nervous and neuroendocrine systems control

266
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Below thalamus
-Lateral to hypothalamus
-Closely associated with basal ganglia

267
Q

Label and describe:

A

Adjacent to the lamina terminalus and in front of optic chiasma
Included as part of the hypothalamus on functional grounds

268
Q
A
269
Q

What info relates to the bringing together of seperate representations of the two halves of the body?

A

-Commisural fibres between areas of the cortex on wither side containing representations are concentrated almost entirely in the midline
-Upper and lower limb representations in somatic sensory cortex neither send or receive commisural fibres
-Visual areas only vertical midling of retina connected, not periphery

270
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

-Primary motor cortex
-Prefrontal cortex

271
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

-Primary auditory cortex
-Auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s area)
-Hippocampus
-Amygdala

272
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

273
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

274
Q

What do these make up and what do they contain?

A

-Brainstem
-Ascending and descending tracts
-Cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation

275
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Gyri - rolls of cerebral cortex
-Sulci - grooves between gyri

276
Q

What is this?

A

Central sulcus
-A large fissure separating the frontal from the parietal lobes

277
Q

What is this?

A

Lateral sulcus
-Large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

278
Q
A
279
Q

What is this?

A

-Insula
-Forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

280
Q
A
281
Q

What overlies the insula?

A

-Opercula
-Parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula

282
Q
A
283
Q

What is this?

A

Corpus callosum
Large white matter bundles connecting the two sides of the brain

284
Q
A
285
Q
A
286
Q

What is the only part of the diencephalon viewable from outside the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

287
Q

What are these?

A

-Crus cerebri
-Two white matter tracts behind the mamillary bodies from each cerebral hemisphere
-Pass backwards and converge in the midline at the upper border of the pons

288
Q
A
289
Q

What is inbetween the crura cerebri?

A

-Interpeduncular fossa
-Space between the crura roofed over by arachnoid
-CRURA ARE THE ONLY PART OF THE MIDBRAIN VISIBLE

290
Q

What is situated directly behind the point where the crura meet in the midline?

A

-Pons
-Forms. abridge of neural tissue between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

291
Q
A
292
Q

What does the parietal lobe extend from?

A

Central sulcus anteriorly to the imaginary parietooccipital fissure posteriorly

293
Q

Describe the general function of the parietal lobe:

A

-Two with the left normally the most dominant ->
-Important for:
-Perception
-Interpretation of sensory info
-Formation of the idea of a complex, meaningful motor response
-Non-dominant important for visuospatial functions

294
Q

What are the functions of two specific parts of the parietal lobe?

A

Supramarginal and angular gyrus of dominant lobe are concerned with language and mathematical operations

295
Q

What is the frontal lobe generally involved in?

A

-Motor function
-Problem solving
-Spontaneity
-Memory
-Language
-Judgement
-Personality
-Impulse control
-Social and sexual behaviour

296
Q

What is the anterior part of the frontal lobe called and what does it do?

A

-Prefrontal cortex
-Higher cognitive functions and determination of personality

297
Q

What does the posterior part of the frontal lobe contain and do?

A

-Motor and premotor areas

298
Q

What is this, describe its location and function:

A

-Broca’s area
-Left inferior frontal gyrus and is important for language production and comprehension

299
Q

What do the temporal lobes contain?

A

-Primary auditory cortex
-hippocampus
-Amygdala
-Wernicke’s area

300
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Wernicke’s area
-Located in superior temporal gyrus of LEFT hemisphere
-Understanding spoken word

301
Q
A

Auditory cortex found around the lateral (sylvian) fissure

302
Q

What is in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

303
Q

What does the limbic lobe surround?

A

Medial margin of the hemisphere

304
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

-Emotion
-Memory
-Behaviour
-Olfaction

305
Q

What are the hippocampus and amygdala involved in?

A

-Hippocampus - long term memory formation
-Amygdala - Motivationally significant stimuli (reward + fear)

306
Q

How does the limbic system operate?

A

Influencing the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system and is highly interconnected with the brain’s pleasure centre (nucleus accumbens)

307
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Nucleus accumbens
-Role in sexual arousal and high experienced with recreational drugs

308
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Outer endosteal layer - interior to skull, adhering to and sending blood vessels and fibrous processes into cranial bones

Inner meningeal layer - completely envelopes CNS, continues as tube of dura seen around spinal cord and provides tubular sheaths for cranial nerves

309
Q
A
310
Q

How would you describe the relationship between the two layers of dura mater?

A

-For most part they are fused
-In places the inner layer separates from skull to form dural folds
-Supports subdivisions of brain and partially divide cranial cavity into three areas: left + right hemispheres and posterior cranial fossa

311
Q

What can dural folds form?

A

When dural folds attach to skull there is a system of communicating blood filled spaces called dural venous sinuses

312
Q

Label and describe it:

A

Arched crescent of dura lying in the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

313
Q

Label and describe it:

A

Where falx cerebri attaches to cranium

314
Q

Label and describe:

A

At the free border of the falx cerebri

315
Q

Label and describe:

A

Dura forming a thick fibrous roof over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum

316
Q

Label:

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli

317
Q

What is this?

A

Cavernous sinus
Lies lateral to the body of the sphenoid

318
Q
A

Transverse sinusesRun along the line of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to the occipital bone

319
Q

What is this?

A

-Trigeminal cave
-Lies next to apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and envelopes the roots of the trigeminal nerve

320
Q

Label and describe:

A

Diaphragma sellae
Small circular, horizontal fold of dura mater which forms the roof of the pituitary fossa

321
Q

Label and describe:

A

Small, vertical sickle-shaped reflection of dura separating the two lobes of the cerebellum

322
Q
A
323
Q

Label the yellow:

A
324
Q

Label the green:

A
325
Q

Label the pink:

A
326
Q

What is this?

A

-Encloses the brain loosely following the contour of the meningeal layer of the dura

327
Q

What can the arachnoid mater form?

A

Where the arachnoid spans the gyri of the brain, spaces exist between the arachnoid and the pia mater called subarachnoid cisterns

328
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns full of?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

329
Q
A
330
Q

What is this?

A

Foramen of magendie
Midline communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

331
Q
A

Foramen of luschka
Lateral communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

332
Q

How are subarachnoid cisterns named?

A

After their positions relative to the brain

333
Q

Label and describe the orange:

A

-Cerebromedullary cistern
-Lies in the angle formed by the dorsal surface of the medulla and the inferior surface of the cerebellum

334
Q

Label and describe the green:

A

-Pontine cistern
-on the ventral surface of the pons

335
Q

Label and describe the pink:

A

-Interpeduncular cistern
-Contains the circle of Willis

336
Q
A

Cistern of the lateral fissure
-Contains the middle cerebral artery and bridges the lateral sulcus on either side

337
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Superior cistern
-Contains great cerebral vein (of Galen) and the pinea gland
-found between the posterior (splenium) of corpus callosum and the superior surface. of cerebellum

338
Q

What do these show?

A

Cisterna ambiens
-Group of subarachnoid cisterns which completely encircle the midbrain

339
Q

Describe the pia mater:

A

-Closely adherent to the underlying nervous tissue and is indistinguishable with the naked eye
-Functionally very important as it forms part of the blood brain barrier

340
Q
A
341
Q

Describe arteries position on the surface of the brain:

A

-Lie in subarachnoid space
-As vessels pass into the substance of the brain they take with them prolongations of the pia mater and some of the subarachnoid space forming a layer around the vessel

342
Q

What happens as blood vessels penetrate deeper into the brain?
How does this relate to the pia mater?

A

-Tunica media thins and the prolongation of the subarachnoid space narrows
-At the level of the capillary network, the basement membranes of the endothelial cell and the pia fuse
-Pia acts as a barrier between the blood vessels and the neurological tissue

343
Q

describe the blood brain barrier and its functions:

A

-Combination of features unique to the brain and spinal cord
-Limit the ability of molecules to pass between the blood and CNS
-Has the effect of protecting tissue from toxic substances

344
Q

What are the 4 features of the blood-brain barrier?

A

-Edges of adjacent endothelial cells that line blood vessels are bonded closely together by tight junctions to prevent molecule movement

-Basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations which are present elsewhere

-Pericytes embedded in basement membrane wrap around endothelial cells and regulate capillary blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability

-Astrocytes extend end feet to envelop CNS capillaries and restrict movement of molecules into CNS parenchyma

345
Q

What are the 3 anatomical contributory elements of the blood-brain barrier?

A

-Endothelial cells of capillaries
-Basement membrane between endothelial cells and astrocyte end feet - formed from true basement membrane of the pia
-The astrocytic end feet themselves

346
Q

Through what does arterial blood arrive within the brain?

A

-Two pairs of vessels
-Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

347
Q

What do the two inflows of arterial blood supply in the brain and in what proportions?

A

Vertebral (20%) - posterior cerebrum and contents of posterior cranial fossa

Internal carotid (80%) - Anterior and middle cerebrum and the diencephalon

348
Q

Draw the arterial supply to the brain:

A
349
Q
A
350
Q

Describe the path of the internal carotid artery:

A

-Arises at common bifurcation at upper thyroid cartilage border
-Ascends to base of skull
-Enters temporal bone to lie in carotid canal
-Pierces dura forming roof of cavernous sinus to enter cranial cavity
-Reaches anterior perforated substance at medial end of lateral sulcus to divide into terminal branches

351
Q

What is referred to as the anterior circulation?

A

-Anterior cerebral arteries
-Middle cerebral arteries
SUPPLIED BY INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (internal carotid system)

352
Q

Label these arteries:

A
353
Q

What does the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Corpus callosum and medial aspects of the hemispheres

354
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

-Largest of terminal branched of internal carotid
-Majority of lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of cerebral hemispheres via ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

355
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

-Largest of terminal branched of internal carotid
-Majority of lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of cerebral hemispheres via ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

356
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery supply?

A

Connects together the two anterior cerebral arteries and provides ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

357
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery supply?

A

Connects the internal carotid and vertebro-basilar systems via the POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

358
Q

label the green:

A
359
Q

label the blue:

A
360
Q

What do these show and what does each colour represent?

A

Vascular territories

361
Q

What are each of these and what vessels pass through them?

A
362
Q

Describe the vertebral arteries and their paths:

A

-Arise from first part of subclavian arteries
-Frequently of different diameter on either side
-enter skull through foramen magnum
-Lower border of pons unite to form basilar artery

363
Q

Where does the basilar artery lie?

A

Anterior median fissure of the pons

364
Q

What forms the posterior circulation?

A

-Vertebral and basilar arteries
-Branches from them
-Posterior cerebral arteries

365
Q

What connects the anterior and posterior circulations?

A

Circle of willis

366
Q
A
367
Q
A
368
Q

What pathology most commonly ocurss near the circle of willis?

A

Berry aneurysm

369
Q

Why do cerebral veins differ?

A

-First drain into the dural venous sinuses which are channels formed between the two layers of dura mater
-Then drain back to heart

370
Q

What are the types of cereberal veins?

A

-Internal cerebral veins - run in the substance of the brain tissue and end when they reach the surface of the brain
-External cerebral veins - run on the surface of the brain crossing the subarachnoid space to drain into dural venous sinuses (4 named groups draining into different dural sinuses)

371
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
-Drains the deep structures of the brain and drains into the straight sinus
-Cut end of the vein should be identifiable just above cerebellum between the two occipital lobes

372
Q
A
373
Q

Label the blue:
What are they?

A

Dural venous sinuses of the brain

374
Q

Label the green:
What do they show?

A

The cerebral venous system

375
Q

What do the major venous sinuses do?

A

-Connect the major cerebral veins to the internal jugular veins
-Major venous sinuses can be easily identified in the attached borders of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and floor of cranial cavity

376
Q

What is the course of the venous sinuses?

A

On skull to their termination in the basal part of the occipital bone where they join the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein in the jugular foramen

377
Q

where are the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses?

A

Superior - superior border of falx cerebri
Inferior - inferior margin of falx cerebri

378
Q

where is the straight sinus?

A

In the midline of the tentorium cerebelli

379
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

Posterior fixed margin of the tentorium cerebelli

380
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus?

A

Deep groove in the mastoid part of the temporal bone

381
Q

WHERE IS THE CAVERNOUS SINUS?

A

BESIDE THE BODY OF THE SPHENOID BONE (5 CRANIAL NERVES AND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY)

382
Q

Where are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

Superior - attached to the lateral margin of tentorium cerebelli
Inferior - in the groove between the petrous temporal bone and the basal part of occipital bone

383
Q

Label the red:
What are they?

A

Sinuses at base of skull

384
Q

Label the green:
What are they?

A

Cranial nerves at base of skull

385
Q

Label the blue:
What are they?

A

Blood vessels at the base of the skull

386
Q

Which sinus has major clinical significance?

A

-Cavernous
-Houses 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery
-proximity to pituitary gland

387
Q

What does this show?

A

What passes through cavernous sinus and what is in proximity to it

388
Q

What do intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull communicate via?
Describe them:

A

-Variable number of emissary veins
-Important as they represent a possible route for infection and inflammation to spread into the cranial cavity from outside the skull
-Difficult to find but ‘grooves’ can be found on inside of skull that demonstrate where they ran

389
Q

Label the green:

A
390
Q

Label the pink:

A
391
Q

Label the blue:

A
392
Q

Describe how brain development leads to development of certain structures within the brain:

A

-Develops from hollow neural tube
-Remains hollow
-Central spaces form the ventricles

393
Q

What are the ventricles important for?

A

In relation to the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

394
Q

Where is the largest aggregation of choroid plexus and what occurs here??

A

-In the lateral ventricles
-Majority of CSF is produced here

395
Q

Describe the movement of CSF:

A

-Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen
-3rd ventricle to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
-4th communicates with subarachnoid space via median foramen of magendie and lateral foramen of luschka
-Through these openings, CSF passes out to occupy subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

396
Q
A

Choroid plexus

397
Q

What is this?

A
398
Q

Describe this and what it does:

A

-invagination of vessels into the ventricles produces a vascular fold of pia mater covered by an epithelium derived from ependymal lining of ventricle

399
Q

Describe the control of CSF:

A

-Tight junctions prevent passage of fluid from extracellular space of the choroid plexus into the ventricle
-EXCEPT via choroid cells themselves
-Enables close control over the volume and composition of the CSF

400
Q

What constitutes the CSF-brain barrier and what occurs here?

A

-Ependyma
-Resorption of the CSF into the venous drainage of the brain occurs via tufts of arachnoid mater called arachnoid villi

401
Q

What are these?

A

-Arachnoid granulations
-Villi calcify
-Tend to cause bone to be resorbed along the internal surface of the cranial vault near the midline causing small, pit-like structures

402
Q

How do you remember the position of ventricle apertures?

A

Magendia foramen = Medial
Luschka foramen = Lateral

403
Q
A

Phase 1 (23 decks)

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