Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 > Anatomy - Neuro COPY > Flashcards

Anatomy - Neuro COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Label these bones:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

Frontal lobe of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in orange?

A

Orbital part of the frontal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is this and what major structures make it up?

A

-Anterior cranial fossa
-Orbital part of frontal bone
-Ethmoid bone
-Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa contain?

A

-Temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the brain
-Much deeper than the anterior cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures a part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Label this diagram:
What are they a part of?

A

Middle cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CN for optic canal?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CN for superior orbital fissure?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CN for foramen rotundum?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CN for foramen ovale?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is this?

A

Sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?

A

-Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
-Deepest of the 3 fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label this diagram:
What are these structures a part of?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Label these:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is this?
What does it connect?

A

-Levator palpebrae superioris
-Originates at posterior of orbit at common tendinous ring
-Inserts into upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is this and where is it?

A

-Lacrimal gland
-Just inside lateral margin of orbit adjacent to lateral margin of levator palpebrae superioris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is this and where does it connect?

A

-Superior rectus
-Originates deep part of orbit at common tendinous ring
-Runs over the top of the eyeball and inserts anterior to the equator to the eyeball just behind the conjunctival sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Label this diagram and describe them:

A

-Superior oblique - originates posterior orbit and runs forwards to pass through trochlea and insert posterior eyeball
-Trochlea - structure superior oblique passes through
-Medial rectus muscle - running along length of medial aspect of orbit on a deeper plane than the superior oblique muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are these and what are they embedded?

A

Back of orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are these and what are they embedded in?

A

Back of orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are these?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are these?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are at the back of the orbit?
Nerve and arteries

A

-Optic nerve CII
-Ophthalmic artery - lateral to medial over optic nerve
-Central artery of retina - into optic nerve
-Superior opthalmic nerve
-Nasociliary nerve - attached ciliary ganglion CN V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is this?

A

-Inferior rectus muscle beneath subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is this?

A

Oculomotor nerve CNIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is this?

A

Abducens nerve to lateral rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves arise and which innervate the eye?

A

-Oculomotor (CNIII) - branches to orbit
-Facial (CN VII) - branches to orbit
-Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
-Vagus (X)
Sacral spinal segments 2,3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII):

A

-Originate Edinger-Westphal nucleus in mid-brain
-Travel into the branch to inferior oblique muscle
-Leave nerve to inferior oblique + enter ciliary ganglion gibing fibres that innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the pathway of parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve (CNVII):

A

-Leave nerve in middle ear
-Synapse in ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa and supply lacrimal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the sympathetic outflow and specifically that of the orbit and eye:

A

-From spinal segments thoracic 1 to lumbar 2
-Pass into sympathetic trunks which run from base of skull to bottom of sacrum
-Symp fibres to orbot arise from T1, pass up sympathetic trunk through stellate ganglion to base of skull
-Leave superior cervical ganglion to supply dilator pupillae muscle and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe extra-ocular muscle movement:

A

-Eye muscles work together with other eye muscles of the same eye and opposite to move eye in various directions
-A given extra-ocular muscle if working on its own in isolation would move front of eye in specific direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Label this diagram:

A

Ciliary processes radiate from the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is this?

A

Lateral to optic disc
Concentration of cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Label this diagran:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What consists the brainstem?

A

-Midbrain
-pons
-Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the midbrain divided into?
What are they separated by?

A

-Tectum dorsal to aqueduct of midbrain & IVth ventricle
-Ventral tegmentum lies ventral to aqueduct of midbrain and IVth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the medulla oblongata anatomically?

A

-Continuation of spinal cord within skull
-Begins foramen magnum
-Limited above by caudal border of pons abd bulbopontine sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is this?

A

-Crus cerebri
-Two columns of descending fibres (e.g. corticospinal, corticobulbar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Label:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Label:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is this and what does it form?

A

-Forms posterolateral margin of medulla
-Thick bundle of white matter passing through medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the anterior median fissure?

A

-Partial division of medulla in ventral midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Label this diagram of the cerebellum:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is this?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q
A

Horizontal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

label;
What do these two form?

A

Flocculo-nodular lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is sent to superior cerebellar peduncle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is sent to middle peduncle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is sent to inferior peduncle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What do each of the peduncles connect to?

A

Medulla - inferior
Pons - middle
Midbrain - superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What does this show?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Label this diagram:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is this?

A

Fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

label these structures of the fourth ventricle:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what is this?

A

-posterior median sulcus
-separates rhomboid fossa into triangular left and right parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is this?

A

obex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is this?

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what is this?

A

third ventricle of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is this?

A

septum pellucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q
A

permits CSF to flow from lateral ventricles to third ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q
A

flow of CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q
A

central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q
A

paracentral lobule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q
A

cingulate sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q
A

cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What types of fibres are different areas of the cortex connected by (white matter)?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What are the two basic functions of uniting the two cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Bringing together separate representations of the two halves of the body, the visual field and the auditory surround
  • Uniting areas of the cortex which have functions specialised to one hemisphere.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What happens if the corpus callosum is separated?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia and associated nuclei?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globulus pallidus
-Subthalmic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Pendunculopontine nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

-Putamen
-Globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What makes up the striatum? (neostriatum) and what is it?

A

-Caudate nucles
-Putamen
-Input for basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum? What is it?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globus pallidus
-Major input of basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What is this?

A

Basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q
A

Cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

What role does the uncus play?

A

Olfaction, emotions, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q
A

Olfactory tract splits into medial and lateral striae at beginning of perforated substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What is this and what passes behind it?

A

Column of fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What connections can be seen from the fornix?

A

-Continuation of fornix to mamillary bodies
-Second fibre bundle passes from anterior mamillary body to anterior thalamus - these anterior nuclei project into cingulate gyrus cortex
-Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri connected by longitudinal association fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What does this show?

A

Cingulum bundle, one of many association fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What are association fibres?

A

-Axons interconnecting different areas of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere
-All areas of the cortex receive both long and short association fibres
-Largest is superior longitudinal fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What types of association fibres are there?

A

-Short - adjacent gyri
-Long - different lobes of the hemishpere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What vertically running association bundles are found deep to the cingulum bundle?

A

-Corona radiata
-Carries fibres between cortical and sub-cortical structures and are continuous below with the internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q
A

narrow cleft between the thalamus and fornix in which blood vessels covered by pia invaginate the epindyma to form choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q
A

-Anterior - curves downwards into frontal lobe from interventricular foramen, septum and fornix medial
-Body - roofed by corpus callosum medial walls fornix + septum
-Inferior - tail of caudate and stria terminalis follow inner curve of ventricle and continuous with anygdaloid body at tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q
A

infero lateral aspect of anterior horn of lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

.

A

slender bundle of white fibres following the curve of the caudate around temporal horn of ventricles connecting amygdala to septum and hypothalamus
Major efferent of amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q
A

-Shaped like almond
-overlies medial of tip of inferior horn deep to uncus
-continuous medially with temporal lobe and posteriorly with tail of caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q
A

-Medially 5cm on floor of inferior horn of ventricle
-Anteriorly expanded into two or three shallow grooves giving paw-like appearance - pes hippocampi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

what are these?

A

pes hippocampi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

What fibres run here?

A

efferent fibres from hippocampus leading to fornix forming flattened longitudinal bunch of white matter on medial margin of ventricular surface of hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

what can limbic system lesions cause?

A

-Anterograde amnesia
-Emotional responses in absence of external stimuli
-innapropriate emotional responses to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q
A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q
A

-Forms part of basal ganglia being a subcortical structure derived from telencephalon
-receives from and projects into cerebral cortex in organised manner
-Has cells that respond to visual, auditory and sensory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q
A

Seperates putamen from claustrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q
A

Comprised of laterally placed putamen and medially placed globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

What is the gray matter of the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallidus
lateral and medial sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q
A

convergence and concentration of white matter projection fibres which carries all motor and sensory fibres to and from the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q
A

-Forceps major and minor
-Major - posterior curve of corpus callosum into parietal and occipital lobes forming 2/3 of a circle with opposite side
-Minor - anterior curve of corpus callosum fibres into frontal lobe forming 2/3 circle with opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Label papez circuit:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Label pathways of papez circuit:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of and in what numbers?

A

-7 cervical vertebrae
-12 thoracic vertebrae
-5 lumbar vertebrae
-Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
-Coccyx - fusion of four or more rudimentary vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What does the vertebral column transmit and through what?

A

-Transmits body weight on to lower limbs through SACROILIAC JOINTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

What is contained in the vertebral canal?

A

The spinal cord and its coverings and the spinal nerves are contained within the vertebral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

What is the upper most spinous process that is palpable and what is it called?

A

-7th cervical vertebra
-‘Vertebra prominent’
-Long non-bifid spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

What is the highest point in the iliac crest in line with?

A

-Interval between L3/L4 spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What is the shape of the vertebral column and when is it formed?

A

-Sinusoidal shape
-After birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Describe how the curvature of the spine forms after birth:

A

-In the foetus the vertebral column is C-shaped with a concavity facing anteriorly
-After birth, secondary curvatures with convexity develops in the cervical region when child holds up head
-Also in lumbar region when legs start weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

What are the four movements of the vertebral column and their angles?

A

-Forward flexion (40 degrees)
-Extension (15 degrees)
-Lateral flexion (30 degrees)
-Rotation (40 degrees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Movements and angles of vertebral column and their angles:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

What is this and what makes it up?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of and what do they withstand?

A

-Strong fibrocartilaginous structures
-Can withstand compression forces but are flexible enough to allow movements between the vertebrae

163
Q

What are the two components of the intervertebral discs?

A

-Nucleus pulposus
-Surrounded by annulus fibrosis

164
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made of?

A

-Well hydrated gel
-Having proteoglycan, collagen, cartilage cells

165
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made of and what does it connect to?

A

-10-12 concentric layers of collagen whose oblique arrangement alters in successive layers
-Peripherally is attached to vertebral bodies as well as to the posterior longitudinal ligament

166
Q

What are these and what connect to them?

A

Annulus fibrous

168
Q
A

Erector spinae

174
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

The ‘space’ between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord

176
Q

What is in the epidural space?

A

Small arteries that supply the spinal cord and vertebral venous plexuses

177
Q

What are some features of the veins in the plexuses of the epidural space?

A

-Batson’s veins
-Contain no valves
-Communicate freely with the intercostal veins and pelvic veins, including veins draining the prostate

178
Q

What is a spinal cord segment?

A

The area of the spinal cord from which a pair of spinal nerves are given off

179
Q

How many spinal cord segments and nerves are there?

A

-31 pairs of spinal nerves
-31 segments:
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

180
Q

Where are sensory fibres carried in the spinal nerve?

A

-Dorsal root
-Has a dorsal root ganglion that houses the cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres

181
Q

Where are motor fibres carried in the spinal nerve?

A

Ventral (anterior) root

182
Q

Where do the ventral roots emerge on the spinal cord and where do they join?

A

-Anterolateral aspect of the cord on either side

184
Q

What happens to the anterior and posterior spinal cord roots?

A

-Anterior and posterior roots join together on the intervertebral foramen to form the SPINAL NERVE
-Spinal nerve emerge from foramen and divides into anterior and posterior rami

187
Q

What do anterior and posterior rami each contain?

A

Motor and sensory fibres

188
Q

How does length of nerve roots differ?

A

Increases progressively from upwards downwards

189
Q

What do lumbar and sacral spinal roots form?

A

Lumbar and sacral nerve roots below the termination of the cord form the cauda equina (latin for horse’s tail)

191
Q

What do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord via and what is anterior and posterior to this structure?

A

-Intervertebral foramen
-Anterior = bodies of adjoining vertebrae and intervening intervertebral discs
-Posterior = Synovial joints between the two superior and inferior articular processes

194
Q
A

Dorsal root ganglion - location of cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres

195
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Interval between first and second lumbar vertebrae

196
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Interval between first and second lumbar vertebrae

197
Q

Describe them:

A

-Conus medullaris - tapering end of cord
-Filum terminale - fibrous strand extending from conus medullaris to coccyx
-Cauda equina - nerves from the lower part of the cord, the lumbar and sacral cords, hanging obliquely downwards

198
Q

What are they all?

A

Descending motor tracts

199
Q

What are they all?

A

Ascending sensory tracts

200
Q

What is this?
Describe it:

A

-Greater petrosal nerve
-Parasympathetic branch of facial nerve (CNVII)
-Emerges from petrous temporal bone and passes anteromedially

201
Q

What is this and where does it lie?

A

Tegmen tympani
Lies lateral and posterior to the greater petrosal nerve

202
Q

Describe:

A

-Branch of facial nerve
-Crossing tympanic membrane
Chorda tympani

203
Q

Label:

206
Q

What are in the crus cerebri?

A

Columns of descending fibres
e.g. corticospinal and corticobulbar

207
Q

What are in the pyramids of the medulla?

A

-Fibres passing from cerebral hemispheres to the cord
-Corticospinal tracts

208
Q

What happens at the decusations of the pyramids?

A

-Diagonally oriented bundles of fibres crossing the fissure via which 80% of the corticospinal fibres cross the midline to enter the lateral white column of the spinal cord

209
Q

What is in the olive of the medulla?

A

Presence of underlying inferior olivary nucleus and is concerned with the control of movement

211
Q

Label these tracts:

213
Q

What is the tectum and tegmentum made up of?

A

Tectum - dorsal to aqueduct and made up of colliculi
Tegmentum - ventral to aqueduct, made up of nerve fibres entering and leaving the cerebral hemispheres, nerve nuclei etc.

214
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi associated with?

A

Superior - visual system, visual reflexes
Inferior - auditory system, reflex of looking towards loud noise

215
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

Pineal gland
Endocrine gland that synthesises melatonin which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

216
Q

What are these and describe them:

A

Inferior brachium - conveys auditory info from medial geniculate body to inferior colliculi
Superior brachium - conveys visual info from lateral geniculate body to superior colliculus

217
Q

What does the tegmentum contain at the level of the pons?

A

Nuclei of:
-Abducens VI
-Facial VII
-Trigeminal V (motor of mastication)

219
Q

What does the gracile fasciculus do?

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from lower limb

220
Q

What does the cuneate fasciculus do?

A

Carries fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination and proprioception from the upper limb

221
Q

What does the tegmentum contain at the level of the medulla?

A

Nuclei of:
IX
X
XI
XII

222
Q

What are the nuclei underlying the gracile and cuneate tubercles also called and what do they contain?

A

-Dorsal column nuclei
-Major relay sites for the dorsal column sensory pathway (dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway)

223
Q

What is the mnemonic for the geniculate bodies?

A

MALES
Medial geniculate = Auditory
Lateral geniculate = Eye (visual)
Lateral = eye = superior colliculus (medial is inferior by default)

224
Q

Label the locations of the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem:

226
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember which cranial nerves are sensory or motor?

A

I Some
II Say
III Marry
IV Money
V But
VI My
VII Brother
VIII Says
IX Big
X Boobs
Xi Matter
XII More

227
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Coordination of movement and balance

228
Q

What does the cerebellum compose of?

A

-Two ovoid hemispheres joined by the midline by a narrow median vermis
-Outer layer of grey matter - cortex
-inner core of white matter surrounding centrally placed deep nucleu (aggregations of nerve cells)

229
Q

What are these and describe them:

A

-Folia are individual ridges of cerebellar cortex
-Surface is marked by closely set transverse curiving fissures which delineate the folia

231
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

Runs through the midbrain and interconnects the third and fourth ventricles

232
Q

What is the flocculo-nodular lobe primarily concerned with?

A

Vestibular information - balance

233
Q

What is this?

A

Tonsil of cerebellum
Prominent rounded swelling of cerebellar cortex anteriorly on either side of the vermis

234
Q

Describe the corticopontocerebellar tract:

A

-Info from the primary motor cortex of the motor plan (same info goes to the spine)
-Connects to cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle

235
Q

Describe the vestibulocerebellar tract:

A

-Vestibular impulses from labyrinths directly and via the vestibular nucleus
-Connects to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle

236
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar tracts:

A

-Sensory input for balance and position sense
-Ventral spinocerebellar is contraleteral and connects via superior cerebellar peduncle
-Dorsal spinocerebellar is ipsilateral and connects via inferior cerebellar peduncle

237
Q

Describe the dentate nucleus:

A

-Largest and most lateral of the deep cerebellar nuclei
-Major fibre bundles passing into the superior cerebellar peduncle

238
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Facial colliculus
-Rounded swelling caused by fibres of facial nerve in the substance of the pons curving around nucleus of abducens nerve at level of superior fovea

240
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Medullary striae
-Aberrant ponto-cerebellar fibres passing from pons to cerebellum
-Divide the floor of the fourth ventricle into a rostral pontine half and a caudal medullary half

243
Q

What is this and describe it:

A

-Area postrema
-Small tongue-shaped are immediately rostro-lateral to obex
-Commonly associated with nausea control - chemoreceptive trigger zone for the emetic response and lie outside the blood-brain barrier

244
Q

Label and describe:

A

Interventricular foramen - permits CSF flow from lateral ventricles to IIIrd ventricle

246
Q

Describe:

A

Begins a little behind the midpoint of the hemisphere
-Extends short distance onto medial surface and running forwards and downwards before reaching lateral sulcus

247
Q

Describe this:

A

-Paracentral lobule
-U-shaped gyrus
-Surrounds medial extensions of central sulcus
-Contains representations of lower limb within the primary motor and somatic sensory areas of the cortex
which on the lateral surface occupy the pre-central and post-central gyri respectively

248
Q

What does the cingulate sulcus do?

A

Separates the cingulate gyrus (on top of the corpus callosum) from the the rest of the hemisphere

249
Q
A

Pareto-occipital sulcus

250
Q

What lies within the walls of the bottom structure?

A

Primary visual cortex

251
Q

What are these?

A

-Striae of genari
-White band in the primary visual cortex running parallel with the pial surface in the mid-depth grey matter
-Gives the name striate cortex to the primary visual area

252
Q

Describe them:

A

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) grey matter is over twice as thick as that of the posterior primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

253
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Broad arched band of white matter and the largest of the white fibre bundles interconnecting the two halves of the brain

254
Q

Describe this:

A

-Fornix
-White matter bundle beneath the corpus callosum that connects the hippocampus with the diencephalon and precommissural septum

256
Q

What does the anterior commissure of the fornix do?

A

Thick bundle of white matter crossing the midline horizontally between lamina terminalis and fornix
Crosses to interconnect temporal lobes and olfactory structures of either side

257
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Dorsal part of diencephalon
-Major subcortical relay for info ascending into the cerebral cortex
-Afferent info may be modified by the substantial descending projections to the thalamus from all parts of the cortex

260
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

Flattened grey disc joining the thalami of each side behind the interventricular foramen

261
Q

What is the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

Shallow groove on lateral wall of IIIrd ventricle extending from cerebral aqueduct to interventricular foramen
-Separates the diencephalon into dorsal and ventral parts

262
Q

What is this?

A

Diencephalon

264
Q

What are these and what do they do?

A

Medial = relays auditory info from midbrain to auditory cortex and passes some fibres via inferior brachium to inferior colliculi
Lateral = relays visual info from optic nerve to both the visual cortex via optic radiation and superior colliculi via superior brachium for pupillary reflexes

265
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Ventral part of diencephalon that extends from lamina terminalis to a vertical plane in front of maxillary bodies
-Important centre contributing to body homeostasis and autonomic nervous and neuroendocrine systems control

266
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Below thalamus
-Lateral to hypothalamus
-Closely associated with basal ganglia

267
Q

Label and describe:

A

Adjacent to the lamina terminalus and in front of optic chiasma
Included as part of the hypothalamus on functional grounds

269
Q

What info relates to the bringing together of seperate representations of the two halves of the body?

A

-Commisural fibres between areas of the cortex on wither side containing representations are concentrated almost entirely in the midline
-Upper and lower limb representations in somatic sensory cortex neither send or receive commisural fibres
-Visual areas only vertical midling of retina connected, not periphery

270
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

-Primary motor cortex
-Prefrontal cortex

271
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

-Primary auditory cortex
-Auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s area)
-Hippocampus
-Amygdala

272
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

273
Q

What is this and what major structures does it contain?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

274
Q

What do these make up and what do they contain?

A

-Brainstem
-Ascending and descending tracts
-Cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation

275
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Gyri - rolls of cerebral cortex
-Sulci - grooves between gyri

276
Q

What is this?

A

Central sulcus
-A large fissure separating the frontal from the parietal lobes

277
Q

What is this?

A

Lateral sulcus
-Large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

279
Q

What is this?

A

-Insula
-Forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

281
Q

What overlies the insula?

A

-Opercula
-Parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula

283
Q

What is this?

A

Corpus callosum
Large white matter bundles connecting the two sides of the brain

286
Q

What is the only part of the diencephalon viewable from outside the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

287
Q

What are these?

A

-Crus cerebri
-Two white matter tracts behind the mamillary bodies from each cerebral hemisphere
-Pass backwards and converge in the midline at the upper border of the pons

289
Q

What is inbetween the crura cerebri?

A

-Interpeduncular fossa
-Space between the crura roofed over by arachnoid
-CRURA ARE THE ONLY PART OF THE MIDBRAIN VISIBLE

290
Q

What is situated directly behind the point where the crura meet in the midline?

A

-Pons
-Forms. abridge of neural tissue between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

292
Q

What does the parietal lobe extend from?

A

Central sulcus anteriorly to the imaginary parietooccipital fissure posteriorly

293
Q

Describe the general function of the parietal lobe:

A

-Two with the left normally the most dominant ->
-Important for:
-Perception
-Interpretation of sensory info
-Formation of the idea of a complex, meaningful motor response
-Non-dominant important for visuospatial functions

294
Q

What are the functions of two specific parts of the parietal lobe?

A

Supramarginal and angular gyrus of dominant lobe are concerned with language and mathematical operations

295
Q

What is the frontal lobe generally involved in?

A

-Motor function
-Problem solving
-Spontaneity
-Memory
-Language
-Judgement
-Personality
-Impulse control
-Social and sexual behaviour

296
Q

What is the anterior part of the frontal lobe called and what does it do?

A

-Prefrontal cortex
-Higher cognitive functions and determination of personality

297
Q

What does the posterior part of the frontal lobe contain and do?

A

-Motor and premotor areas

298
Q

What is this, describe its location and function:

A

-Broca’s area
-Left inferior frontal gyrus and is important for language production and comprehension

299
Q

What do the temporal lobes contain?

A

-Primary auditory cortex
-hippocampus
-Amygdala
-Wernicke’s area

300
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Wernicke’s area
-Located in superior temporal gyrus of LEFT hemisphere
-Understanding spoken word

301
Q
A

Auditory cortex found around the lateral (sylvian) fissure

302
Q

What is in the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

303
Q

What does the limbic lobe surround?

A

Medial margin of the hemisphere

304
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

-Emotion
-Memory
-Behaviour
-Olfaction

305
Q

What are the hippocampus and amygdala involved in?

A

-Hippocampus - long term memory formation
-Amygdala - Motivationally significant stimuli (reward + fear)

306
Q

How does the limbic system operate?

A

Influencing the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system and is highly interconnected with the brain’s pleasure centre (nucleus accumbens)

307
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Nucleus accumbens
-Role in sexual arousal and high experienced with recreational drugs

308
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Outer endosteal layer - interior to skull, adhering to and sending blood vessels and fibrous processes into cranial bones

Inner meningeal layer - completely envelopes CNS, continues as tube of dura seen around spinal cord and provides tubular sheaths for cranial nerves

310
Q

How would you describe the relationship between the two layers of dura mater?

A

-For most part they are fused
-In places the inner layer separates from skull to form dural folds
-Supports subdivisions of brain and partially divide cranial cavity into three areas: left + right hemispheres and posterior cranial fossa

311
Q

What can dural folds form?

A

When dural folds attach to skull there is a system of communicating blood filled spaces called dural venous sinuses

312
Q

Label and describe it:

A

Arched crescent of dura lying in the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

313
Q

Label and describe it:

A

Where falx cerebri attaches to cranium

314
Q

Label and describe:

A

At the free border of the falx cerebri

315
Q

Label and describe:

A

Dura forming a thick fibrous roof over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum

316
Q

Label:

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli

317
Q

What is this?

A

Cavernous sinus
Lies lateral to the body of the sphenoid

318
Q
A

Transverse sinusesRun along the line of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to the occipital bone

319
Q

What is this?

A

-Trigeminal cave
-Lies next to apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and envelopes the roots of the trigeminal nerve

320
Q

Label and describe:

A

Diaphragma sellae
Small circular, horizontal fold of dura mater which forms the roof of the pituitary fossa

321
Q

Label and describe:

A

Small, vertical sickle-shaped reflection of dura separating the two lobes of the cerebellum

323
Q

Label the yellow:

324
Q

Label the green:

325
Q

Label the pink:

326
Q

What is this?

A

-Encloses the brain loosely following the contour of the meningeal layer of the dura

327
Q

What can the arachnoid mater form?

A

Where the arachnoid spans the gyri of the brain, spaces exist between the arachnoid and the pia mater called subarachnoid cisterns

328
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns full of?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

330
Q

What is this?

A

Foramen of magendie
Midline communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

331
Q
A

Foramen of luschka
Lateral communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

332
Q

How are subarachnoid cisterns named?

A

After their positions relative to the brain

333
Q

Label and describe the orange:

A

-Cerebromedullary cistern
-Lies in the angle formed by the dorsal surface of the medulla and the inferior surface of the cerebellum

334
Q

Label and describe the green:

A

-Pontine cistern
-on the ventral surface of the pons

335
Q

Label and describe the pink:

A

-Interpeduncular cistern
-Contains the circle of Willis

336
Q
A

Cistern of the lateral fissure
-Contains the middle cerebral artery and bridges the lateral sulcus on either side

337
Q

Label and describe:

A

-Superior cistern
-Contains great cerebral vein (of Galen) and the pinea gland
-found between the posterior (splenium) of corpus callosum and the superior surface. of cerebellum

338
Q

What do these show?

A

Cisterna ambiens
-Group of subarachnoid cisterns which completely encircle the midbrain

339
Q

Describe the pia mater:

A

-Closely adherent to the underlying nervous tissue and is indistinguishable with the naked eye
-Functionally very important as it forms part of the blood brain barrier

341
Q

Describe arteries position on the surface of the brain:

A

-Lie in subarachnoid space
-As vessels pass into the substance of the brain they take with them prolongations of the pia mater and some of the subarachnoid space forming a layer around the vessel

342
Q

What happens as blood vessels penetrate deeper into the brain?
How does this relate to the pia mater?

A

-Tunica media thins and the prolongation of the subarachnoid space narrows
-At the level of the capillary network, the basement membranes of the endothelial cell and the pia fuse
-Pia acts as a barrier between the blood vessels and the neurological tissue

343
Q

describe the blood brain barrier and its functions:

A

-Combination of features unique to the brain and spinal cord
-Limit the ability of molecules to pass between the blood and CNS
-Has the effect of protecting tissue from toxic substances

344
Q

What are the 4 features of the blood-brain barrier?

A

-Edges of adjacent endothelial cells that line blood vessels are bonded closely together by tight junctions to prevent molecule movement

-Basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations which are present elsewhere

-Pericytes embedded in basement membrane wrap around endothelial cells and regulate capillary blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability

-Astrocytes extend end feet to envelop CNS capillaries and restrict movement of molecules into CNS parenchyma

345
Q

What are the 3 anatomical contributory elements of the blood-brain barrier?

A

-Endothelial cells of capillaries
-Basement membrane between endothelial cells and astrocyte end feet - formed from true basement membrane of the pia
-The astrocytic end feet themselves

346
Q

Through what does arterial blood arrive within the brain?

A

-Two pairs of vessels
-Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

347
Q

What do the two inflows of arterial blood supply in the brain and in what proportions?

A

Vertebral (20%) - posterior cerebrum and contents of posterior cranial fossa

Internal carotid (80%) - Anterior and middle cerebrum and the diencephalon

348
Q

Draw the arterial supply to the brain:

350
Q

Describe the path of the internal carotid artery:

A

-Arises at common bifurcation at upper thyroid cartilage border
-Ascends to base of skull
-Enters temporal bone to lie in carotid canal
-Pierces dura forming roof of cavernous sinus to enter cranial cavity
-Reaches anterior perforated substance at medial end of lateral sulcus to divide into terminal branches

351
Q

What is referred to as the anterior circulation?

A

-Anterior cerebral arteries
-Middle cerebral arteries
SUPPLIED BY INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (internal carotid system)

352
Q

Label these arteries:

353
Q

What does the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Corpus callosum and medial aspects of the hemispheres

354
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

-Largest of terminal branched of internal carotid
-Majority of lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of cerebral hemispheres via ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

355
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

-Largest of terminal branched of internal carotid
-Majority of lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of cerebral hemispheres via ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

356
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery supply?

A

Connects together the two anterior cerebral arteries and provides ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES

357
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery supply?

A

Connects the internal carotid and vertebro-basilar systems via the POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY

358
Q

label the green:

359
Q

label the blue:

360
Q

What do these show and what does each colour represent?

A

Vascular territories

361
Q

What are each of these and what vessels pass through them?

362
Q

Describe the vertebral arteries and their paths:

A

-Arise from first part of subclavian arteries
-Frequently of different diameter on either side
-enter skull through foramen magnum
-Lower border of pons unite to form basilar artery

363
Q

Where does the basilar artery lie?

A

Anterior median fissure of the pons

364
Q

What forms the posterior circulation?

A

-Vertebral and basilar arteries
-Branches from them
-Posterior cerebral arteries

365
Q

What connects the anterior and posterior circulations?

A

Circle of willis

368
Q

What pathology most commonly ocurss near the circle of willis?

A

Berry aneurysm

369
Q

Why do cerebral veins differ?

A

-First drain into the dural venous sinuses which are channels formed between the two layers of dura mater
-Then drain back to heart

370
Q

What are the types of cereberal veins?

A

-Internal cerebral veins - run in the substance of the brain tissue and end when they reach the surface of the brain
-External cerebral veins - run on the surface of the brain crossing the subarachnoid space to drain into dural venous sinuses (4 named groups draining into different dural sinuses)

371
Q

What is this and what does it do?

A

-Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
-Drains the deep structures of the brain and drains into the straight sinus
-Cut end of the vein should be identifiable just above cerebellum between the two occipital lobes

373
Q

Label the blue:
What are they?

A

Dural venous sinuses of the brain

374
Q

Label the green:
What do they show?

A

The cerebral venous system

375
Q

What do the major venous sinuses do?

A

-Connect the major cerebral veins to the internal jugular veins
-Major venous sinuses can be easily identified in the attached borders of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and floor of cranial cavity

376
Q

What is the course of the venous sinuses?

A

On skull to their termination in the basal part of the occipital bone where they join the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein in the jugular foramen

377
Q

where are the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses?

A

Superior - superior border of falx cerebri
Inferior - inferior margin of falx cerebri

378
Q

where is the straight sinus?

A

In the midline of the tentorium cerebelli

379
Q

Where is the transverse sinus?

A

Posterior fixed margin of the tentorium cerebelli

380
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus?

A

Deep groove in the mastoid part of the temporal bone

381
Q

WHERE IS THE CAVERNOUS SINUS?

A

BESIDE THE BODY OF THE SPHENOID BONE (5 CRANIAL NERVES AND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY)

382
Q

Where are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

Superior - attached to the lateral margin of tentorium cerebelli
Inferior - in the groove between the petrous temporal bone and the basal part of occipital bone

383
Q

Label the red:
What are they?

A

Sinuses at base of skull

384
Q

Label the green:
What are they?

A

Cranial nerves at base of skull

385
Q

Label the blue:
What are they?

A

Blood vessels at the base of the skull

386
Q

Which sinus has major clinical significance?

A

-Cavernous
-Houses 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery
-proximity to pituitary gland

387
Q

What does this show?

A

What passes through cavernous sinus and what is in proximity to it

388
Q

What do intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull communicate via?
Describe them:

A

-Variable number of emissary veins
-Important as they represent a possible route for infection and inflammation to spread into the cranial cavity from outside the skull
-Difficult to find but ‘grooves’ can be found on inside of skull that demonstrate where they ran

389
Q

Label the green:

390
Q

Label the pink:

391
Q

Label the blue:

392
Q

Describe how brain development leads to development of certain structures within the brain:

A

-Develops from hollow neural tube
-Remains hollow
-Central spaces form the ventricles

393
Q

What are the ventricles important for?

A

In relation to the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

394
Q

Where is the largest aggregation of choroid plexus and what occurs here??

A

-In the lateral ventricles
-Majority of CSF is produced here

395
Q

Describe the movement of CSF:

A

-Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen
-3rd ventricle to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
-4th communicates with subarachnoid space via median foramen of magendie and lateral foramen of luschka
-Through these openings, CSF passes out to occupy subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

396
Q
A

Choroid plexus

397
Q

What is this?

398
Q

Describe this and what it does:

A

-invagination of vessels into the ventricles produces a vascular fold of pia mater covered by an epithelium derived from ependymal lining of ventricle

399
Q

Describe the control of CSF:

A

-Tight junctions prevent passage of fluid from extracellular space of the choroid plexus into the ventricle
-EXCEPT via choroid cells themselves
-Enables close control over the volume and composition of the CSF

400
Q

What constitutes the CSF-brain barrier and what occurs here?

A

-Ependyma
-Resorption of the CSF into the venous drainage of the brain occurs via tufts of arachnoid mater called arachnoid villi

401
Q

What are these?

A

-Arachnoid granulations
-Villi calcify
-Tend to cause bone to be resorbed along the internal surface of the cranial vault near the midline causing small, pit-like structures

402
Q

How do you remember the position of ventricle apertures?

A

Magendia foramen = Medial
Luschka foramen = Lateral

Phase 1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions