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Respiratory system > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

how are sperm formed?

A

by spermatogonia which undergo spermatogenesis to form 4 sperm

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2
Q

how are ova formed?

A

by oogoinua which undergo oogenesis to form 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies which degenerate

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3
Q

what happens in week 1 embryonic phase?

A

zygote is formed and divides to form a blastocyte which moves through the uterine tube to reach the uterine cavity

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4
Q

what is a morula?

A

solid ball of cells formed from the zygote

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5
Q

why are mitochondrial diseases inherited from the mother?

A

because the zygote inherits all of cytoplasm organelles from the mother

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6
Q

how is a blastocyst formed and what is it composed from?

A

as morula cells increase a blastocytic cavity forms to aid nutrition, cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass, the outer lining is called a trophoblast

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7
Q

what do trophoblastic cells form?

A

the placenta

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8
Q

what are uterine tubes lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium

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9
Q

what happens during the week 2 embryonic phase?

A
  • implantation occurs in uterine endometrial layer and placenta starts to develop
  • cells form bilaminal disc
  • sacs, membranes and cord form to aid nourishment
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10
Q

what is a chorion?

A

formed from the trophoblast, it develops chorionic vili, forms part of the placenta and secrete HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) which is used to detect pregnancy

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11
Q

at what point does the blastocysts begin to burrow into the endometrium?

A

7 days

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12
Q

what is the endometrium called after implantation ?

A

decidua basali

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13
Q

what does the bilaminar disc consist of?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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14
Q

what are the two cavities formed by the bilaminar disc called?

A

amniotic cavity at the top and yolk sac at the bottom

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15
Q

what is the chorionic cavity?

A

contains fluid in which the embryo floats, surrounded by the chorion

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16
Q

what’s the allantoic cavity ?

A

gets rid of waste products

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17
Q

what’s are the roles of the placenta?

A

foetal nutrition, transport of waste & gas and immunity

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18
Q

describe the two sides of the placenta

A

foetal facing side- smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord
maternal facing side- residual basalis or endometrium, rough ad with maternal blood vessels

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19
Q

what is gastrulation and neurulation ?

A

gastrulation- formation of germ layers

neurulation- formation of neural tube

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20
Q

what is the primitive streak?

A

formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping of cells known as invagination

21
Q

why is the primitive streak important ?

A

because once it forms the axis of the embryo is also formed

22
Q

what happens to the bilaminar disc in order to reduce the 3 germ layers ?

A

it becomes the trilaminar disc

23
Q

what are the 3 germ layers formed?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

24
Q

whats the functions of the notochrome?

A

induces ectodermal cells in the midline to form the neural tube and it also secretes proteins

25
Q

describe the process of the formation of the notochord

A

cells from the primitive streak sink down to form the notochord between the endoderm and the mesoderm

26
Q

describe the process of neurulation

A

neural plate at the ectoderm thickens and sinks down to form a neural tube between the ectoderm and mesoderm

27
Q

what induces the mesoderm to thicken?

A

neural tube

28
Q

what are the three parts of the separated mesoderm ?

A

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate plate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm

29
Q

what happens to the later plate mesoderm?

A

splits into two leaves with a cavity in between

30
Q

what happens to the paraxial plate?

A

it forms a somite which divides into the dermatome(forms skin), myotome(forms muscles) and sclerotome(forms bone)

31
Q

what systems does the ectoderm form?

A

epidermis of skin, brain and spinal cord

32
Q

what systems does the intermediate plat mesoderm form?

A

kidneys and reproductive

33
Q

what systems does the endoderm form?

A

gut and respiratory

34
Q

what systems does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

pleura, peritoneum and the body cavities

35
Q

what are teratogens?

A

environmental factors that cause abnormal development

36
Q

what are the 3 factors that increase the risk of teratogenesis?

A

exposure during critical stages of development
dosage of drugs/chemicals
genetic constitution of embryo

37
Q

what does the respiratory system form from?

A

ventral wall of foregut part of the primitive gut tube

38
Q

where does the gut tube form from?

A

endoderm

39
Q

what is the oesophageal septum?

A

develops between oesophagus and trachea and separates them

40
Q

what happens if the trachea and oesophagus don’t split?

A

fistula or atresia can form

41
Q

what are fistulas and artesias?

A

fistula- abnormal passage between 2 epithelialised tubes

atresia- orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent

42
Q

what the visceral pleura formed from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

43
Q

what is the parietal pleura formed from?

A

somatic mesoderm

44
Q

how do pleural cavities get closed off from the heart?

A

the pleuropericardial fold separates the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity

45
Q

what are the foetal period stages involved in the production of alveoli?

A

pseudoglandular stage- development of lung structure, no gas exchange
canalicular stage- formation of respiratory part and type 1&2 cells, no gas exchange
saccular stage- formation of alveolar sacs, gas exchange begins

46
Q

describe the postnatal stage involved in the production of alveoli?

A

alveolar stage- proliferation of alveoli from alveoli sacs

47
Q

what happens during neonatal distress syndrome?

A

surfactant deficiency
partial alveoli collapse
hyaline debris accumulates

48
Q

what happens during lung agenesis?

A

failure of lung bud to develop/branch

insufficient mesoderm

49
Q

What closes off the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen?

A

the diaphragm

Respiratory system (20 decks)

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