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Respiratory system > anatomy of thorax and lungs > Flashcards

anatomy of thorax and lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main anatomical features of the thorax?

A

thoracic outlet, thoracic inlet, heart, lungs, sternum and ribs

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2
Q

where does the thoracic inlet attach?

A

T1 posteriorly
1st rib bilaterally
costal cartilage of 1st rib and superior border of manubrium

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3
Q

where does the thoracic outlet attach?

A

T12 posteriorly
11th and 12th ribs laterally
costal cartilage of 7th-10th ribs and xiphisternal joint anterolaterally

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4
Q

what is the manubrium?

A

part of the sternum

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5
Q

what are the three classes of ribs?

A

true- 1st-7th because they’re directly connected to the sternum
false- 8th-10th because they’re indirectly connected to the sternum
floating- 11th-12th because they’re not connected to the sternum

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6
Q

describe superficial intercostal muscles

A

formed by external intercostal muscles and the fibres have an inferior direction

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7
Q

describe middle intercostal muscles

A

formed by internal intercostal muscles and fibre direction is inferiorposteriorly

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8
Q

in what order does the neuromuscular bundle above the intercostal muscles go?

A

vein-artery-nerve

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9
Q

where does VAN lie between?

A

internal ad innermost intercostal muscles

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10
Q

what do external intercostal muscles become (anteriorly)?

A

external intercostal membrane

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11
Q

what do internal intercostal muscles become (posteriorly)?

A

internal intercostal membrane

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12
Q

where do the innermost intercostal muscles exist in relation to the thoracic cage?

A

only in the middle part of the thoracic cage

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13
Q

how is blood supplied in the thoracic cage ?

A

by the posterior intercostal arteries, anterior intercostal arteries and branches of axillary arteries

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14
Q

where does venous drainage from the thoracic cavity drain to?

A

into the azygous system

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15
Q

where does the mediastinum extend to and from?

A

from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm

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16
Q

where does the mediastinum divide into superior and inferior?

A

at the sternal angle

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17
Q

what does the inferior part of the mediastinum divide into?

A

middle- contains heart, vessels, oesophagus, thymus and lymph nodes
anterior and posterior- contains lungs and pleura

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18
Q

what is the posterior and middle parts or the inferior mediastinum deviated by?

A

pericardial sac

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19
Q

describe lymphatic drainage on the anterior chest wall and breast

A

left side of chest- thoracic duct into left subclavian vein
right side of chest- right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein
breast- axillary lymph node, parasternal lymph node, abdominal lymph node

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20
Q

where do phrenic nerves pass through?

A

root of phylum, side of heart and innervates the diagram

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21
Q

where do phrenic nerves originate from?

A

C3-C5 and they are both sensory and motor

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22
Q

from what position do phrenic nerves pierce and innervate the diaphragm?

A

inferiorly

23
Q

what supplies the central part of the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerves

24
Q

what happens if phrenic nerves are damaged?

A

the side on which the nerve is damaged will be paralysed
eg. if the right phrenic nerve is damage the right side of the diaphragm dome will be paralysed so it wouldn’t descend during inspiration

25
Q

where does the costovertebral joint lie?

A

between ribs and vertebrae

26
Q

in the 1st rib where do the anterior and posterior grooves lodge?

A

anterior- subclavian vein

posterior- subclavian artery and lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

27
Q

in regards to the ribs what increases during forceful inspiration?

A

transverse diameter of rib and intercostal diameter of thoracic gate, this elevates sternum and ribs upwards

28
Q

describe the right and left crus of the diaphragm

A

right crus- L1-3 vertebrae, prevents the reflux of gastric content back to the oesophagus
left crus- L1-2

29
Q

what are the 3 openings (hiatuses) of the diaphragm?

A

T8- caval opening
T10- oesophageal opening
T12- aortic hiatus

30
Q

what are the two parts of the respiratory tract and what do they contain?

A

upper respiratory tract- nose, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory tract- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

31
Q

how many bronhiopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

10

32
Q

what surrounds the right lung mediastinal surface?

A

heart, superior/inferior vena cava, oesophagus, right subclavian vein and artery

33
Q

what surrounds the left lung mediastinal surface?

A

heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, oesophagus, left subclavian vein and artery

34
Q

where does the trachea start and where does it bifurcate?

A

starts at C6 (lower larynx) and splits at sternal angle to give rise to the right and left bronchus

35
Q

what is the tracheobranchial tree?

A

branching structure of airways which consists of conducting and respiratory portions
conducting portion does not undergo gas exchange
respiratory portion undergoes gas exchange

36
Q

what does the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree consist of?

A 
trachea
main bronchus
lobar bronchus
segmental bronchus
conducting bronchiole
terminal bronchiole
37
Q

what does the respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree consist of?

A

respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
alveolus

38
Q

what are the 3 lobes, borders and surfaces of the lungs?

A

lobes- superior, inferior, middle(only in right lung)
borders- anterior, posterior, inferior
surfaces- costal, mediastinal(medial), diaphragmatic(inferior)

39
Q

how many fissures are in the left and right lungs ?

A

right- 2 horizontal and oblique

left- 1 oblique

40
Q

what is the lingula?

A

tongue like projection of the left lung under the cardiac notch

41
Q

what is a lung root?

A

structures such as bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves that enter or leave the hilum

42
Q

what is the hilum?

A

area located on mediastinal surface

43
Q

how can you identify the left hilum from the right hilum ?

A

right- bronchus dividing into 2 pulmonary arteries which enter inferiorly and 2 pulmonary veins
left- 2 pulmonary veins

44
Q

why are the pulmonary veins in the hilum red?

A

because they carry oxygenated blood

45
Q

what is the clinical advantage of bronhopulmonary segments?

A

in cases of cancer the cancer cause be surgically removed from one segment before it moves into another

46
Q

what is the lung supplied and drained by?

A

supplied by bronchial arteries (thoracic aorta, posterior intercostal artery)
drained by bronchial veins (azygous)

47
Q

how does pulmonary innervation around the hilum happen?

A

by the pulmonary plexus

48
Q

what does the pulmonary plexus contain?

A

parasympathetic fibres- vagus nerve either motor to bronchial muscle (causes bronhoconstriction) or secretomotor ( secretes mucus and vasodilator) to mucus glands
sympathetic- T2-5 either inhibitory to bronchial muscle (bronchodilator) or motor to blood vessel muscle

49
Q

how many intercostal spaces are between the lung and the pleura?

A

2
lung- midclavicular 6, midaxillary 8, paravertebral 10
pleura- midclavicular 8, midaxillary 10, paravertebral 12

50
Q

what’s the pleura that’s attached to the lungs?

A

visceral

51
Q

what’s the pleura that’s attached to the thoracic cage?

A

parietal

52
Q

what nerve supply is associated with the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

visceral- autonomic

parietal- somatic

53
Q

what’s the pleural sac?

A

serous fluid, flows movement of lung during inspiration and expiration

54
Q

what’s plural recess and reflection ?

A

recess- loose pocket at the lower part of the pleural sac where fluid accumulates
reflection- place at which parietal pleura changes direction to become visceral pleura

Respiratory system (20 decks)

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