Embalming Flashcards
process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard organic decomposition and to restore an acceptable physical appearance
Embalming
an amorphous nonvolatile solid or soft side substance, a natural exudation from plants
resinous
resins combined with oil
balsamic
separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and. autolytic enzymes
decomposition
4 things entailed in embalming
sanitation, disinfection, temporary preservation, restoration
a process to promote and establish conditions which minimize or eliminate biohazards
sanitation
the destruction/inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body
disinfection
the science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomp
temporary preservation
treatment of the deceased in the attempt to recreate natural form and color
restoration
4 classifications of embalming
Vascular
Surface
hypodermic
cavity
the use of vasular systems of the body for preservation, disinfection and restoration; usually accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins
vascular embalming
direct contact of internal or external body tissues with embalming chemicals
surface embalming
injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe, needle, or trocar
hypodermic embalming
direct treatment other then vascular embalming by aspiration and then injection of chemicals using a trocar
cavity
best possible source of ID for identification of body
DNA
worst possible source of ID for IDing a body
personal effects
an official elected or appointed to investigate suspicious or unnatural deaths; doesn’t do inquest
medical examiner
an official of a local community who holds inquests concerning sudden, violent, and unexplained deaths
coroner
an agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects/surfaces to destroy disease-causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
disinfection
movement of particles from an area of greater density to an area of lesser concentration
diffusion
“rule of thumb” for creating a solution
one gallon per 50lb of body weight; generally 2.5 index
3 types of disinfection
Primary
concurrent
terminal
OSHA regulation that deals with IDing and limiting exposure to occupational hazards
Hazardous communication statndard
Formaldehyde Rule
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1048
the maximum legal limit exposure over a time-weighed 8hr work shift; 0.75ppm
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
Exposures for no more than 15 mins and not repeated more than 4 times per work day; 2ppm
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
the specific point at which an 8hr exposure in unsafe; 0.5ppm
Action level
an evaluation of exposure that is time- weighted over an 8 hr time period
Time weighted average
Blood-borne pathogen standard
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030
those items of protection worn to minimize exposure to hazards
Personal protective equipment
what does OPIM stand for
other possible infectious material
minute particles of blood and water become atomized and suspended in air when water under pressure meets the blood drainage or when flushing an uncovered flush sink
aerosolization
tubular instrument of varying diameter and shape, preferably with a plunger that is inserted into a vein to aid in drainage of blood to restrict the exit of vascular embalming fluid
drain tube
piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needle sticks, human bites, cuts and abrasions; getting punctured
parenteral entry
The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) is now aligned with what?
Globally Harmonzied System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
Log of Work- related Injuries and Illnesses; classification of work- related injuries and illnesses and provides the information on the extent and severity of each case
OSHA Form 300
yearly Summary of total cases in each category
Form 300A
Injury and Illness Incident Report
Form 301
legal necessity of embalming
when died of communicable disease, transporting across state lines, burial not taking place within 24 hrs, when having a public viewing
Key stone to the Funeral Rule
General Price List
the mandatory disclosures on the GPL
1: right to select only the goods and services desired
2:embalming is not legally required
3:alternative containers for D-Cremation
4:basic services fee
5:Casket price list
6:outer burial container price list
irreversible cessation of all vital functions; irreversible total cessation of metabolic activity
death
in a dying state; in the agonal period; period immediately before somatic death
moribund (agonal period)
the semi-convulsive twitches that often occur before death
death struggle
a prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscles into the rigidity
cadaveric spasm
condition in which the manifestations of life are feebly maintained; very faint
apparent death
dead human body used for medical purposes; including transplantation, anatomical dissection and study; donated to science
cadaver
the elements remaining after cremation of a dead human body
cremated human remains
study of death
thanatology
death of the organism as a whole; body dead, not cells
somatic death
a phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 min in which life may be restored
legal (clinical) death
tripod of life; any one stops adn you die; not dead until warm and dead
Heart, lungs, brain
irreversible somatic death
biological (irreversible)
death of the individual cells of the body; cells may stop functioning after 10-20hrs; always follows somatic death
cellular death
before death
antemortem
pathological death due to a lack of 0xygen to cells
necrosis
caused by pressure to capillaries from staying in bed and cutting off blood flow to outer cells of body
decubitus ulcers; bed sores (pressure sores)
necrosis of tissues of part of the body, usually due to deficient or absent blood supply
gangrene
the three types of gangrene
wet
dry
gas
antemortem, physiological death of the cells of the body followed by their replacement with living tissue
necrobiosis
period that begins after somatic death
postmortem
4 factors influencing onset of postmortem cellular death; occurs abt 20hrs after somatic death
cause of death
environmental conditions
condition of body
medication preceding death
abnormal amount of body fat
corpulence
single best way to tell if someone is dead
decomposition
signs of death
decomp
odor
cessation of circulation/respiration
complete muscular relaxation
algor mortis: cooling down
rigor mortis: onset after 4-6 hrs and onset 4-6
livor mortis
changes of the eye
postmortem, INTRAvascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood
livor mortis, cadaveric lividity
what will neutralize rigor mortis
buffer
4 changes of the eye after death
clouding or cornea: immediate
loss of luster of conjunctiva: turns gray
flattening of eyeball: 4 hrs after; no pressure
lack of pupil dilation: immediate
signs are _, symptoms are _
objective; subjective
any procedure used to prove a sign of death
tests for death
4 Expert tests for signs of death
stethoscope: heart sounds
ophthalmoscope: pupil response
encephalogram: electronic life detection
injections of dyes for circulation: not done now
3 Inexpert tests (historical) signs of death
ligature test
ammonia injection
feel for pulse at radial artery
antemortem (agonal) changes
Thermal
Blood
moisture
Bacterial translocation
Gases in the tissues
Therapeutic agents
decreased in body temp immediately before death; caused by decreased circulation
agonal algor
increase in body temperature immediately before death; may be caused by a full stomach
agonal fever
settling of blood or other fluids to dependent portion of the body
hypostatis
the process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde; the solidification of a solution into a gelatinous mass
congealing (coagulation)
a specific form of coagulation; INTRAvascular: the increase of viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels
agglutination
an agonal or postmortem redistribution of host microflora on a host-wide basis; from intestinal areas to blood vascular system due to capillary permeability changes
bacterial translocation
The ulnar artery lies along the ___________ border of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
lateral
What is the purpose of adding eosin and erythrosine to arterial fluid?
They impart a color to the tissue
What is the purpose of ponceau in embalming fluids?
It will impart a color change
The injection pressure which just overcomes the vascular resistance and causes the embalming fluid to enter the arterial system at a moderate and uniform rate is
ideal
Which of these is a commonly used moisture absorbing substance in hardening compound?
Plaster of Paris
air edema (hospital induced edema)
antemortem subcutaneous emphysema
necrosis in a wound infected by an ANAerobic gas forming bacillus; most common etiologic agent is Clostridum perfinges
gas gangrene
condition that results when the body part that dies has little blood and remains aseptic; the arteries but not the vein are obstructed and shrivles up
dry gangrene
necrotic tissue that is moist as a result of inadequate venous drainage, may be accompanied by bacterial infection; swells and turns black
wet gangrene
a therpeutic agent that dilates the vessels and aids in distribution; caution, swelling could accompany
vasodilator
from within the body
intrinsic factors
from outside the body
extrinsic factor
amount of clothing covering the body; temp and humidity of environment; temp of patient at time of death
extrinsic factors
what killed them
cause
how did it get there
manner
postmortem, Intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood
livor mortis (cadaveric lividity)
loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem
dehydration (dessication)
dehydration known as “”; desiccation all the way through
surface evaporation
absorption of the fluid portion of blood by the tissues after death resulting in postmortem edema
imbibition (postmortem edema)
liquid flows to dependent portion of body
gravitation of serum
the intravascular increase of viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels
agglutination of formed elements
self destruction of cells, decomp of tissue by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
autolysis
organelle that exists within a cell, but separate from the cell; contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and certain carbohydrates;
lysosomes
an organic catalyst produced by living cells and capable of autolytic decomp
enzyme
bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates
(which break down sugars)
fermentation
decomp of sugars
saccharolysis
decomp of proteins
proteolysis
decomp of proteins by the action of enzymes from ANAerobic bacteria; more odor
Putrefaction
decomp of proteins by enzymes of Aerobic bacteria
decay
decomp of fats
lipolysis
split by taking up elements of water; breaks down peptide bonds
hydrolysis
postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of gas pressure
purge
1 & 2 signs of decomposition
1.Odor
2.color
building blocks of which proteins are constructed an the end products of protein digestion or hydrolysis; result of comp of proteins
amino acids
a product of comp of fats; decomp of lipids
fatty acids
any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins
ptomaines
ammonia. ammonium compounds. hydrogen. hydrogen sulfide. mercaptan. nitrogen. carbon dioxide. water. methane. phosporic acid. sulfuric acid
end products
a compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen; sugars, starches, and glycogen
carbohydrates
organic compound found in plants and animals; can be broken down into amino acids,
proteins
order of decomposition of the body compounds
Carbohydrates
proteins
fats
bones
first organs of putrefaction
lining membrane of trachea and larynx
*except for brain of an infant or pregnant uterus
last organs of putrefaction
non-pregnant uterus or large blood vessels
pH balance of blood
7.35 -7.45
pH during rigor mortis
5-6
pH of advanced decomposition
alkaline: 11ish
