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History- Elizabeth > Elizabethan Government > Flashcards

Elizabethan Government Flashcards

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1
Q

Which Tudor ruler was Elizabeth?

A

The fifth and last Tudor ruler

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2
Q

Why for many was Elizabeth illegitimate?

A

Elizabeth was born to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; because Henry was remarried to Anne and had to break away from the Roman Catholic Church and create a new one with him as head, so he could get a divorce, for many Elizabeth was illegitimate.

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3
Q

What religion was Elizabeth brought up as?

A

A Protestant

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4
Q

What did Edward VI want to do to the Church of England?

A

King Edward VI the we brought up by Protestant advisers and tried to make the Church of England more Protestant.

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5
Q

What did Mary want to do in terms of religion?

A

A strict Roman Catholic who undid the Protestant reforms and made the Catholic religion the new faith of the land, Protestants who refused were burnt at the stake.

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6
Q

Why did Mary (her sister) imprison Elizabeth?

A

Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London by her sister after accusations of her involvement in the Wyatt Rebellion (a Protestant plot).

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7
Q

When did Elizabeth become Queen?

A

In 1558, age 25

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8
Q

What was the Elizabethan government like in 1558?

A
  • Kings/ Queens governed the country with a small group of advisers.
  • Monarchs were usually short of money but Mary had increased the crown’s income.
  • War with France had been very expensive and there were debts of £250,000
  • There was not enough money to pay for a full time army.
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9
Q

What was the economy like in 1558?

A
  • Many labourers were losing their jobs
  • The country’s most important industry was making wooden cloth, but in the early 1550s, this trade collapsed and thousands of spinners and weavers were thrown out of work.
  • Farmers faces higher rents and many found their wages were losing value.
  • After several bad harvests in 1550s, the one in 1558 was very good.
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10
Q

What were the cultural developments in 1558?

A
  • People were becoming more interested in ideas and ways of life of the ancient Greeks and Romans
  • this led to the development of new styles of art, music and architecture. People began to question all the ideas and became interested in learning and science
  • the invention of the printing press meant the books could now be mass produced which helped to spread new ideas
  • new schools and university colleges were opened, people were also becoming interested in other parts of the world.
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11
Q

What were the reactions to the new queen?

A

She is very popular and seem to offer a fresh start. However everyone said that women were much weaker rulers than men.

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12
Q

What was religion like in 1558?

A

Catholics and Protestants had very different ideas about what sort of church the country should have.

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13
Q

What was society like in 1558?

A
  • there was a hierarchical society return people should know their place in society and obey people above them and look after and control people below them.
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14
Q

What were the relations like with other countries in 1558?

A

England was weak compared to France and Spain. France and England have been enemies for century and in 1558 they were at war.

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15
Q

When was Elizabeth’s coronation?

A

19th January 1559

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16
Q

How much did Elizabeth’s coronation cost?

A

£16,000

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17
Q

How many pageants did Elizabeth have for her coronation?

A

4

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18
Q

What happened at the first pageant in Elizabeth Coronation?

A

She laid out her genealogy stressing her ‘Englishness’ in contrast to Mary’s ‘Spanishness’.

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19
Q

What happened At the second pageant in Elizabeth’s Coronation?

A

It showed the Queen’s government characterised by the full virtues of love, religion, wisdom and justice.

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20
Q

What happened at the third pageant in Elizabeth’s coronation?

A

The Lord Mayor presented Elizabeth with gold.

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21
Q

What happened to the fourth pageant of Elizabeth’s coronation?

A

She contrasted a decaying Commonwealth (Symbolic of Mary) to a thriving one (Elizabeth)

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22
Q

How was Elizabeth’s coronation a compromise?

A

The ritual was a compromise between catholic and Protestant practicals. The service was conducted in English to appease Protestantism and Latin which was traditional catholic

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23
Q

What was one way in which Elizabeth could be seen and see?

A

Public entertainment- it was a form of propaganda.

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24
Q

What did court entertainment provide Elizabeth with?

A

A mean is for suitors and attention

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25
Q

What did entertainment include?

A

Jousting, poetry, dramatic performances, hunting, riding, banqueting and concerts.

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26
Q

What were tilts?

A

Rituals designed to impress and allowing Elizabeth’s ‘favourites’ to show off their athletic powers.

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27
Q

What was the ritual carried out on New Year’s Day?

A

To give gifts to the Queen by doing so Courtiers showed their devotion to her.

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28
Q

What will royal progresses?

A

Elizabeth undertook regular royal progresses, touring the countryside, staying in the houses of her neighbours and received free accommodation, food, drink and entertainment.

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29
Q

What did the progresses provide hosts with?

A

Opportunities to influence and impress the Queen

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30
Q

Why did many nobles avoid progresses?

A

For the fear of bankruptcy

31
Q

What did progresses provide Elizabeth with the opportunity to do?

A

This was one method by which Elizabeth was seen by her subjects and also served to keep a watchful eye over the powerful nobles families.

32
Q

How were portraits useful for Elizabeth to protect her image of royal authority?

A

As she grew older and portraits became less and less accurate in showing what the Queen actually looked like. By the 1590s her thinning hair caused her to wear a wig and her teeth turned back. Yet portraits did not show this and were used as a means of propaganda, creating an image of a monarch who was ageless, strong and powerful, a wise and successful ruler.

33
Q

How did many nobles show their loyalty to Elizabeth through portraits?

A

Nobles displayed portrait of the Queen in their great houses.

34
Q

How did the Queen use patronage?

A

Queen excised her power and maintain the loyalty of her ministers and officials through the granting of patronage. Ambitious nobles would try to get access to the Queen’s Court in the hope of being noticed by Elizabeth and possibly being granted an important position in the central or local government.

35
Q

How court factions developed?

A

By operating such a system of patronage, Elizabeth naturally generated rivalry between her courtiers and this resulted in the development of court fractions. Elizabeth was generally successful in paying off one faction against the other, her using her ultimate power of dismissal to control and check her courtiers and privy counsellors

36
Q

When did patronage collapse?

A

the 1590s

37
Q

What was one of the main rivalries in the earlier part of Elizabeth’s rein?

A

William Cecil and Robert Dudley

38
Q

What did forms of patronage include?

A
  • Titles of nobility
  • Discount leases of royal land
  • Stewardship of loyal property
  • Offices in the church
  • Monopolies
39
Q

What were privy counsillors?

A

A body of advising ministers, appointed by the Queen to help her rule.

40
Q

When did the Elizabethan council meet?

A

Quite regularly during the early part of Elizabeth’s reign, about two or three times a week.

41
Q

Who were the important privy councillors?

A
  • Sir William Cecil
  • Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
  • Sir Christopher Hatton
  • Sir Francis Walsingham
  • Robert Devereux
42
Q

Robert Dudley

A
  • Social class: Youngest son of Duke of Northumberland
  • Education: Well-educated
  • Religion: Puritan
  • Personal Qualities: Young, good looking, skilful horseman, good organiser, ambitious
  • Loyalty to Elizabeth: Loyal adviser, but had quarrels, rumours that they were in love
43
Q

Christopher Hatton

A
  • Social class: Northamptonshire gentry
  • Education: Oxford, studied law
  • Religion: Moderate Protestant, hated puritans, sympathised with catholics
  • Personal Qualities: Kind, intelligent, good dancer
  • Loyalty to Elizabeth: Knight, organised queen’s progresses, helped Elizabeth pass laws.
44
Q

Sir Francis Walsingham

A
  • Social class: Gentry from Kent
  • Education: Cambridge
  • Religion: Puritan
  • Personal Qualities: French and Latin, efficient so made head of Elizabeth
45
Q

Robert Dudley

A
  • Social class: Lincolnshire gentry
  • Education: grammar school, law at Cambridge
  • Religion: Moderate Protestant
  • Personal Qualities: Hardworking, wanted time avoid war, didn’t like making changes
  • Loyalty to Elizabeth: Elizabeth trusted him completely, was her loyal adviser for 40 years.
46
Q

Robert Devereux

A
  • Social class: Son of Earl of Essex
  • Education: Cambridge
  • Personal Qualities: Often quarrelled with Elizabeth and 1601 was executed for treason due to his involvement in a plot to dismiss some of the queen’s councillors
47
Q

What was the Lord Lieutenant?

A

Chief among royal officials and was w wealthy land owner who was often a privy councillor. There was one for each county.

48
Q

What did the lord lieutenant do?

A

Informed the queen on what was happening in their area.
In charge of the local militia and supervised justices of the peace.
Reported upon local events to the privy council.

49
Q

What did the sherif do?

A

One in each county.

Concerned with legal affairs e.g. appointing juries and collecting taxes.

50
Q

What happened to the importance of sheriffs by the 16th century?

A

The sherif declined in importance and many responsibilities were passed on to other officials.

51
Q

Info on Justices of the peace (JPs)

A
  • Maintained law and order
  • 30-60 per county
  • Wealthy country gentlemen
  • Unpaid but have them power and status
52
Q

What were the duties of JPs?

A
  • Completing legal documents to set up apprenticeships for young boys to enter a trade.
  • Looking after the poor and giving our licenses to people who needed to beg.
  • Sitting as justices in the quarter session courts held every 3 months which dealt with minor crimes.
  • Fixing prices and wages, checking weights and measure on shop and market traders and on pub land lords to stop cheating.
  • Organising the Parish Constable.
53
Q

Why were lesser officers created?

A
  • The maintenance of law and order depended on self policing
  • To help with day to day policing, the JP appointed lesser officials:
  • The pariah constable and night watchmen
  • The overseer of the poor
54
Q

Who were the parish constable and nightwatchmen appointed from?

A

Tradesmen or husbandmen (farmers) in the area.

55
Q

How long did the parish constable and nightwatchmen have to work for?

A

A year and they were unpaid.

56
Q

What were the duties of the parish constable and nightwatchmen?

A
  • Prevented trespassing and poaching
  • Impound stray cattle and sheep
  • Keep peace and arrest those who broke the law
  • Keep order in taverns and inns
  • Watch our for vagabonds
  • Carry put punishments e.g. whipping
57
Q

Info on overseer of the poor:

A
  • Helped administer relief to the poor
  • JP appointed them
  • Organised and collected tax called the poor rate from everyone in the parish and distributed it to those who needed it the most.
58
Q

What would have happened to Elizabeth if it didn’t have a local government?

A

Without this body of mostly unpaid officials, government would not have been able to function during Elizabethan times.

59
Q

How did Elizabeth show her wealth through the royal court?

A
  • Once a year she would go to southern counties but resided in royal palaces. Whitehall was the largest (23 acres)
  • London was one of the biggest cities in Europe- it offered anything a visitor could want.
  • Palaces were magnificent, compared to the conditions of medieval royal castles. There were paintings and expensive tapestries.
  • Most palaces had a hunting park.
60
Q

How did Elizabeth show her authority/ power through the royal court?

A
  • At Easter, she would wash the feet of poor women, sign them with a cross and kiss them.
  • Elizabeth’s court had spies from foreign powers, the Queen also had her own spies in royal residences in other countries.
  • There was lots of ceremony surrounding the queen e.g. as she moved around the palace, guards would line her route and a fanfare would announce her arrival.
61
Q

How did the queen show her intelligence through the royal court?

A
  • At her accession the queen inherited over 60 royal residences. Many were dilapidated, the cost of maintaining these was a fortune so Elizabeth rented many out to favoured courtiers.
62
Q

How did Elizabeth use her royal court to relax?

A
  • Everyone who was permitted to the court had access to the presence chamber, where entertaining and socialising took place. Access to her privy chambers was strictly controlled.
  • The queen had two private rooms but she was rarely alone.
  • Elizabeth spent most of her day in the privy chamber, but also had a privy garden where she would take brisk walks outdoors.
63
Q

During Elizabeth’s long reign how many parliaments were there?

A

Just 10

64
Q

How many occasions did parliament meet on?

A

13

65
Q

For how many years were there no parliament sessions?

A

26

66
Q

What were the two bodies that made up parliament?

A

The House of Lords and the House of Commons

67
Q

What was the House of Lords?

A

A non-elected body of about 100 lords, bishops and judges.

68
Q

What was the House of Commons?

A

It contained about 450 MPs who were elected by wealthy landowners; its members were mainly gentlemen, burgesses (merchants) and some lawyers; there were two MPs from each country and two from each important town within the country.

69
Q

Why did you Elizabeth usually call Parliament?

A

– She was short of money and only Parliament had the power to raise money through taxes and handover revenue to the crown.
– She needed to pass acts of Parliament
– She designed the support of her MPs and Lords on important issues

70
Q

What rights did Elizabeth have in parliament?

A

The right to choose the speaker, the right to block measures ‘royal veto’ And she could imprison awkward MPs.

71
Q

What did Elizabeth make clear In parliament?

A

The topics like foreign policy and religion with topics to be discussed by the privy council not Parliament

72
Q

What did MPs request that the Queen do in 1971 and how did she react?

A

MPs asked a point to consider marriage, she told him he had no rights discussing if she’s personal to her.

73
Q

Why was Elizabeth furious with Parliament in 1587?

A

She was furious when in 1587 Parliament discuss changes to the Church of England, she commanded MPs to stop in order of the arrest five MPs. In such instances, Elizabeth was prepared to limit freedom of speech within Parliament.

History- Elizabeth (7 decks)

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