elizabeth pg 1-19 Flashcards
What was the court
made up of noblemen who acted as advisers and friends. They could also be members of the Privvy council.
What was the privvy council
members of nobility who helped govern the country. They monitored parliament, JPs and oversaw law and order and the security of the country
what was parliament
they advised Elizabeth’s government, made up the house of lords and the house of commons.
what was the house of lords made up of
noblemen and bishops
how was the house of commons formed
people were elected, but very few could voted
what were justices of the peace
large land owners appointed by the government, who kept law and order locally and heard court cases
what were lord lieutenants
noblemen appointed by the government, who governed English counties and raised the local militia
what is an militia
a force of ordinary people raised in an emergency
what percentage of the population in Elizabethan England lived in the countryside
90%
what was the social hierarchy in the countryside
nobility,gentry,yeomen farmers, tenant farmers, landless and labouring poor, homeless and vagrants
what was the social hierarchy in towns
merchants, professionals, business owners, craftsmen, unemployed
what were the nobility
major landoweners, often lords, dukes and earls
what were the gentry
owned smaller estates
what were yeoman farmers
owned a small amount of land
what were the landless and the labouring poor
people who did not own or rent land, and had to work or labour to provide for themselves and their families
what were the homeless and vagrants
moved from place to place looking for work
what were merchants
traders who were very wealthy
what were professionals
lawyers, doctors and clergymen
what were business owners
often highly skilled craftsmen, such as silversmiths, glovers, carpenters or tailors
what were craftsmen
skilled employees
what were unskilled labourers and the unemployed
people who had no regular work and could not provide for them selves and their familes
what were Elizabeth’s problems when she became queen
She was youn (21) and lacked experience, her government needed money, her legitimacy was in doubt as the pope refused to recognise her mothers marriage to Henry VIII, catholics refused to acknowledge her right to rule england, she was protestant and her predecessor mary was catholic, she was unmarried
what were issues facing Elizabeth in 1558
she was expected to marry - this would reduce her power as her husband would be expected to rule, her inexperience meant that she needed support and advice of her Privvy council
what were elizabeths problems with marriage
is she married a protestant this would anger catholics, if she married a catholic this would upset protestants, marriage could involve england in expensive wars - the crown was already in 300,000 debt when she came into power
what were elizabeths strengths
charismatic, well educated, good knowledge of politics, resillient
what were financial weaknesses in 1558
the crown was in 300,000 of debt and only had an income of 286,667, over 100,000 of crown debts was owed to foreign moneylenders with a high interest rate, mary tudor had sold lands to pay for wars with france, Elizabeth needed money to remain on the throne as she could use it to reward supporters , since the 1540s the crown sold golf to make money to fight wars with france = inflation
how could monarchs raise money
rents and income from crown lands, taxes from trade, special additional taxes, fines, loans
what were negatives of taxes
people would be unhappy
what did Elizabeth do to help finical problems
she didn’t raise texes she hoarded her income and cut her household expenses by half, she sold crown lands making 120,000
by what date could the queen claim the crown was out of date since 1558
1574
what was the French threat in 1588
France was wealthier than England and had a wealthier population
what was the problem with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
England had lost Calais to France, this was England’s last remianing territory on the continent as there was pressure to get it back
what was the Auld alliance and it’s problems
France’s alliance with Scotland. This threatened England and French soldiers were kept in Scotland who could attack England.
what was the challenge abroad in 1588 to do with money
war was expensive and england couldnt afford it
why was France ending it’s war with Spain a threat from abroad in 1588
French military resources were no longer stretched with Spain, making a war with england more likely
What was the Peace of Troyes (1564) and why was this signed
recognised once and for all the French claim to Calais - to avoid war with France
When Mary Queen of Scots fled Scotland in 1568 why did Elizabeth put her in custody
deal with Scotish threat
what was the main threat by 1569
spain
Why was religion so important in Elizabethan times
It was central to life. Religious teachings and practiced guided peoples morals, behaviors and understanding of the world. People believed that going to church, doing pilgrimaged and confessing sins reduced their time in purgatory. Religious festivals were seen as essential for a good harvest
What parts of Europe were Protestants found
northern Europe - Netherlands, Scandinavia Germany
what did the reformation divide from 1517
Protestants and Catholics
which part of England was mainly Catholic
north
what was a puritan
someone who wanted to purify Christianity by removing anything not in the bible
what helped the number of Protestants grow in England
since the 1530s Protestants had been fleeing persecution in Europe
Who is the head of the Catholic church
the pope with help from cardinals, bishops and priests
what did Catholics believe the church was
the intermediary (go between) between God and people. Can forgive sins.
what happened to bread and wine in Catholic mass
bread and wine became the actual body and blood of Christ
how many sacraments were there is the Catholic church (ceremonies)
7
what couldnt priests do in Catholicism
marry or have sex (celibate)
what language were Catholic services in
Latin
what did Priests were in catholic services
vestments
where churches highly decorated in Catholicism
yes
where were Catholics mainly in England
North and west
what is protestants believe about leaders in the church
no pope but can have archbishops or bishops
what did puritans believe about leaders in church
no pope cardinals or bishops
what did protestans and puritans believe about the relationship with God
Personal and direct relationship with God via prayer and Bible. Only God can forgive sins
what did protestants and puritans believe and bread and wine during mass
The bread and wine simply represent the body and blood of Christ. There is no miracle
what did protestants and puritans believe about sacraments (ceremonies)
only 2- Baptisms and holy communion
what did puritans and protistans believe about priests
they can marry and can wear simple vestments
what did protestants believe about church decoration
plain and simple
what did puritans believe about church decoration
whitewashed and no decoration
where were protestants mostly found
south east englandw
where were puritans found
london and east anglia
when was the religious settlement
1559
what was the act of uniformity - religious settlement
dictated the appearance of churched and how services were to be held. It required everyone to attend church
What was the act of supremacy - religious settlement
Elizabeth became supreme governor (head) of the church of england. All clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her.
what was the Ecclesiastical (things to do with church) High Commission - religious settlement
keep discipline within churches and enforce the religious settlement. disloyal clergy could be punished
what was the book of common prayer (1559) - religious settlement
a church service to be used to all churches. The clergy had to follow the book’s wording or would be punished
what was the royal Injunctions - religious settlement
A set of instructions to the Clergy that reinforced the act of supremacy and uniformity. Instructions were things like how people should worship God and how services should be conducted
what were the aims of the religious settlement
to be accepted by as many of her subjects as possible
what was the wording of the new prayer book like and why
vague so Catholics and protestants could interpret it how they like
what would Catholics approve of the use of in churches
candles, crosses and vestments
how many clergy out of 10,000 accepted the religious settlement
8000
what was the impact on some bishops after the religious settlement
they opposed the settlement so had to be replaced
what was the majority reaction to the religious settlement
most people accepted it and attended church even though they held onto catholic beliefs
what did the royal injunctions teach teach all clergy
teach the royal supremacy, report those refusing to attend church to the privvy council - absentees were fined a week’s wages, keep a copy of the bible in English, have a government license to preach, prevent pilgrimages, religious shrines and monuments to “fake”miracles, wear vestments
what were the roles of the church of England in society
preached the governments message - needing a license meant that the message Elizabeth wanted was portrayed, provided guidance for comminates- the parish church helped people in times of hardship, enforced the religious settlement of 1559, responsible for church courts - marriage + sexual offensives + slander + wills and inheritance, visitations- bishops carried out inspections of churches and clergy - took place every 3-4 years
what type of figure was a clergyman in a village community
a major one
what did a clergyman do
conducted church services, offered spiritual and practical advice and guidance to people
how were the clergy funded
taxes or tithes (tax worth 10% of people’s income or goods produced) or other sources such as sale of church pews
what type of issues did the clergy deal with in towns
a wider range due to overcrowding, such as poverty, vagrancy and plague
what type of place did puritans want to make the place and how
a more “godly” place by banning sinful activites
what type of style of worship did puritans want
simple
what did puritans want a church to be like
whitewashed, no images so idols are not worshiped including crucifixes and statues
how many puritan priests lost their posts as they refused to attend church and wear new vestments
37
what where the 2 main things about the puritan challenge
crucifixes - Elizabeth demanded that each church had a crucifix to not upset catholic subjects, vestments - puritans didnt want priests to wear special vestments
what did the archbishop of canterbury do in 1566
Required priests in his book of advertainments to attend an expedition of the vestments they must wear
why were puritans hard to deal with
they were very open about being ani-catholic
what was the counter reformation
catholic church’s attempt to stop protestant spread in Europe
what was heresy
involved denying the teachings of the Catholic church
what were recusants
people who practiced the catholic religion in secret
what did the pope instruct english catholics
to not attend church of England services
what fraction of the nobility were recusants
1/3
what type of families did powerful Catholics come from and what did they not like
traditional and powerful families, they didn’t like their loss of influence under Elizabeth
what did Elizabeth do when religious war broke out in France in 1562
backed French Protestants, hoping to take back Calais in return. This failed as the protestants and catholics made peace.
when did the pope excommunicate Elizabeth
1570
what is excommunication
being excluded from the Catholic church
when did the Dutch rebel against Spanish occupation
1566
why did Elizabeth shelter Dutch rebels known as sea beggars who attacked Spanish ships in the Channel
protestants were being killed for rebelling
what was the Genoese loan 1568
The italian city of Genoa lent gold to the Spanish government, ships carrying the loan sheltered in English ports where Elizabeth seized it, arguing it belonged to Italian bankers not spain. This angered spain.
By when was Spanish rule in the Netherlands secure
1570
why did the Privvy council fear Spanish invasion
Spanish troops were in the Netherlands near England.
what encouraged the Spanish government to plot against Elizabeth
the presence of Mary, Queen of Scots
why did Mary have a claim to the throne
She was Henry VIII great grand daughter and Elizabeth’s second cousin. she was catholic
who was Mary married to
the french king Francis II
who ruled Scotland while Mary Queen of scots was in France
Mary of Guise - her mother
why would people support Mary’s claim to throne
she was Catholic and there were no concerns about her legitimacy
why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned
Anne Boleyn’s (Mary’s mother) marriage to Henry VIII was seen as invalid by Catholics
what did Mary’s claim to throne mean about plots
she was always at the center of them
why did Mary leave Scotland
On the death of Francis II in 1560, Mary returned to Scotland and married Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley), producing a heir, James. Darnley was murdered possible with Mary’s involvement and then she married the Earl of Bothwell. Many Scots believed she Murdered Darnley and in 1568 protestant Scottish lords rebelled against her, imprisoned her and forced her to abdicated in favor of James. Mary escaped and raised an army but this was defeated, she then fled to England seeking Elizabeth’s help against Scottish rebels.
what happened to Mary when she arrived in England
she was imprisoned
why was Mary’s arrival in England a problem for Elizabeth
she could encourage a rebellion. But to take action against an anointed monarch like Mary would reduce Elizabeth’s status power and authority.
what were Elizabeth’s 4 options with Mary Queen of Scots in 1568-69
Help her regain the throne, Hand her to Scottish lords, allow her to go abroad, keep her in England
what were the problems with Elizabeth helping Mary regain the throne
would anger the Scottish nobility
what were the problems with Elizabeth handing Mary over to the Scottish lords
Mary was the widow of the French king Francis II. Her execution by Scottish noblemen with Elizabeth’s permission could provoke France causing them to invade.
what were the problems with Elizabeth allowing Mary to go abroad
she could return to France, causing a French plot to remove Elizabeth
what were the problems with Elizabeth keeping Mary in England
Catholic plotters might try and other throw Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
What was the Casket Letters affair
There was a case against Mary. The scottish lords brough letters with them, supposedly written by Mary to the Earl of Bothwell that showed she had plotted to kill Lord Darnley. Mary said she could not have been tried as she was an anointed monarch. Mary remained captive in England
what did Elizabeth ensure by not handing over Mary in trial
the Scottish nobility would not imprison her execute her, the French would be satisfied, her subjects did not punish an anointed monarch
when was the Northern Earls revolt
1569-70
why did the northern earls rebel
they wanted to make England Catholic again, they resented the appointment of James Pilkington, a protestant as Bishop of Durham in 1561. They had lost a lot of influence under Elizabeth. Elizabeth’s refusal to marry or name an heir created uncertainty.
what was the northern earls revolt plan for england
Mary would marry the Duke of Norfolk, remove Elizabeth and become queen of England in “three months”.
How did Elizabeth find out about the Northern Earls revolt and what did this lead to
Robert Dudley told her, this lead to Norfolk’s arrest and imprisonment in the Tower.
What happened after Norfolk’s arrest
Northumberland and Westmorland, with their wives support carried on with the revolt. They took control of Durham cathedral, as well as other Northern churches , and celebrated mass here. They then moved south.
what did Elizabeth do to stop Mary joining rebels
moved her to Coventry
why did the Northern Earls revolt fail
support from Spain never arrived, Northern Landowners remained loyal to Elizabeth, landowners did not want to lose wealth by backing a failed revolt.
what was the Northern Earls revolt’s significance
It showed Mary Queen of Scots could not be trusted. Encouraged further Catholic plots. The loyalty of English Catholics was in doubt, forcing the government to take harsh actions against them, Elizabeth’s control over the north of England was strengthened.
when was the northern earls revolt
1569-70
when was the ridolfi plot
1571
when was the throckmorton plot
1583
when was the babington plot
1586
what was the ridolfi plot
Ridolfi was an Italian banker who lived in England and was a spy for the Pope. He plotted to murder Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne. She would then marry the Duke of Norfolk. Ridolfi had a letter signed by the Duke of Norfolk where he declared to be Catholic and pledged to lead the rebellion with Phillip IIs support.
who discovered the Ridolfi plot and what did he do
Sir William Cecil, he proved that the Duke of Norfolk was guilty of treason.
what did parliament say should happen after the Ridolfi plot when they met in 1572
the execution of Norfolk and Mary, however Mary refused to execute Mary
what was the significance of the Ridolfi plot
Reinforced the threat from Spain, the threat from Spain meant that England needed to improve relations with France, the government started to monitor Catholics and treat them more severely, in 1581 2 laws were passes that meant people could be fined if hiding priests and could be charged with treason if converting people to Catholicism, confirmed that Mary was a threat
what was the Throckmorton plot
The French Duke of Guise plotted to invade England and otherthrow Elizabeth, free Mary and make England Catholic. Phillip II offered to help pay for the revolt, and the pope approved. Francis Throckmorton would pass letters between Mary and plotters.
why did the Throckmorton plot fail
Sir Francis Walsingham, discovered the plot in May 1583. In November 1583 Walsingham’s spies found papers in Throckmorton’s house that revealed his part in the conspiracy. Throckmorton was executed in May 1584.
why was the Throckmorton plot significant
showed threat from English Catholics, governments fear of an ‘enemy within’, showed potential threat from Spain and France, government treated Catholics with greater suspicion.
what was the Babington plot
the Duke of Guise would invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. Phillip and the Pope supported the plot.
how was the Babington plot uncovered
Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted and read Babington’s letters to Mary, which showed her support of the plot. Babington was killed
what happened to Mary after the Babington plot
She was sentenced to death and then killed in 1587
why was the babington plot significant
meant that England and Spain were virtually at war, Elizabeth’s government became determined to crush the Catholic threat, persecution of Catholics intensified, lead to the execution of Mary
why was Sir Francis Walsingham important
provided intelligence that defeated plots, unmasked the activities of Mary leading to her execution, his actions deterred further plots against Elizabeth
details of Walsingham’s spy network
had a network of spies and informants in every town, some of his agents were paid and trained by the government, others were paid informants, he also had spies abroad
how did Walsingham use ciphers (codes)
he used ciphers for all correspondence, he could also decode other codes in letters about plots, he hires specialists such ad Thomas Phelippes to help him do this.
how did Walsingham use torture and execution
some priests were tortured to deter others and force them to give up information. 130 priests and 60 of their supporters were put to death.
what were agent provocateurs
Walsingham used agent provocateurs to encourage people to plot against Elizabeth, he then could arrest them for this.
what was Mary Queen of Scots executed
she had been involved in a number of serious plots against Elizabeth, the heightened Spanish threat, Mary was a Catholic who could take the throne
why was the execution of Mary significant
Mary was an anointed monarch, so her execution made Elizabeth more vulnerable, gave Phillip more reasons to attack, made the succession even more uncertain, removed a big threat
