Elizabeth Flashcards
What problems did Elizabeth face in 1558
7 of them
– Challenges from abroad
– marriage and the succession
– doubt about her role being successful being a queen
– choosing her counsellors
– religious divisions
–Doubts weather a queen could rule successfully
– creating peace and posterity
What was the problem with the French from abroad in 1558
Challenges from abroad
Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth’s cousin Mary Queen of Scots who was married to the heir of the French throne And was living in France
– both countries were strongly catholic so the Scottish and French troops were both settled there
– this was called the auld alliance
-England was already at war with France In 1558 And the French thought that Mary Queen of Scots should be queen
What was the problem with spain in 1558 (challenges from abroad)
Spain was the most powerful and wealthy country in Europe
– it was catholic and devoted to spreading Catholicism
– However Spain and England had previously been friendly as Philip I I was married to bloody Mary
*This is not a problem straightaway
What was the problem with marriage and succession in 1558
problem is Elizabeth faced in 1558
– In a patriarchal society there was an expectation that she should marry and a male should run the country
– if she married a nobleman it may just cause jealousy among other nobleman
– if she was to marry a foreigner there was a problem because most the princes of Europe were Catholic And she didn’t want Catholics to demand more religious freedom
-Her succession was also a problem because it was thought they could cause a civil war
In 1558 why were their problems with religious divisions
-From 1553 to 1558 bloody Mary was the Monarch in England and she burned Protestants at stake
-When Elizabeth came Queen in 1558 Most of her subjects are Catholic
-Her brother Edward VI was the only Monarch to fully commit to being a Protestant
– Mary I faced little resentment when she turned catholic after Edward
– this meant when Elizabeth became Queen there was religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants
– this meant that there was a high threat of invasion To turn the country back to catholicism
Problems with Elizabeth’s illegitimacy in 1558
– To be legitimate it was essential that the monarch was born whilst the reigning king and queen were married
– her legitimacy Was in doubt because her father Henry V I I I had divorced his first wife Catherine of Aragorn in order to marry Elizabeth’s mother Anne Boleyn
Many believed because her parents marriage was illegal she was illegitimate
– Elizabeth dealt severely with plotted to try to overthrow her with the network of spies
Financial weakness in 1558
When Elizabeth became Queen the country within £300,000 debt
– the total annual income of the crown was approximately £286,667
– to be strong the country had to have money
– Taxes were unpopular but Parliament had to agree to them in response Parliament could make demands to Elizabeth she therefore didn’t want to rely too much on the government income
How did Elizabeth solve her financial weakness
She sold of land and cut back on spending from the start of her own
– she made sure all the spending was accounted for
How did Elizabeth deal with France in 1559
Elizabeth gave France English territory in Calais which humiliated England
How did Elizabeth deal with religious divisions
In 1559 she introduced the religious settlement
What were the features of the religious settlement in 1559
– It stated Elizabeth was the head of the church and called her self “supreme governor “ and all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath to abide by this
– ornaments and decorations run out of church for the Catholics
– The Bible and church services had to be in English
– Rules but holy communion well left vague to please everyone
-The clergy had to take an oath recognising Elizabeth’s title and agreeing to use the new Preyer book
What was the impact of The religious settlement
– Most excepted the supreme governor but only one of Mary‘s Catholic bishops accepted the oath
-People got around the English mass and had private Latin masses
What were puritans
These were more extreme and radical religiously As that they were Protestants that fled the country when Mary the first was around and they went to the Netherlands
What did the Pope say in 1566
That Elizabeth was a heretic
What did Elizabeth do to the northern hours to anger than in the 1560s
She took some land which Mary the first had given to them
What day does the pope excommunicated Elizabeth
1570
In what ways did the puritans challenge the religious settlement
The crucifix controversy
– the puritans didn’t like crucifixes but the Queen had them to please the Catholics
– when she demanded every church to display them Many puritan bishops threatened to step down so then she reversed what she said
Puritans also wanted the religious settlement to make the country even more Protestant
– clergyman dissipate parts e.g. the uniforms (the vestment controversy)
– they also wanted to abolish organ music on holy days
–This was seen as a direct challenge to the authority of the Queen
In what ways was the Pope the most serious challenge to the religious settlement
In 1566 The Pope called Elizabeth the heretic and he ordered all Catholics not to attend to the English services
–This is seen as a direct challenge to the Queen and as he was the head of the Catholic Church is still influential and this could’ve lEd To a catholic uprising therefore disturbing the peace
What did Elizabeth do in 1560
She helped Scottish Protestants Lord’s to defeat Mary of guise who had been rolling in Scotland for her daughter Mary Queen of Scots while in France
She provided money and some troops
What was the Treaty of Edinburgh
It stated that Mary Queen of Scots would give up a claim to the throne however she never signed it and maintain to a claim to the throne
Who was Mary’s second husband
Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley
What happened to Darnley in 1567
I was murdered and Mary was suspected of being involved
What did the death of Darnley lead to
The Protestant Lords rebelling again and they forced Mary to hand her thrown over to her son James
–She was imprisoned bUt escapes in 1568 and raised an army but lost, she then seeked Elizabeth’s help in England
-There was no verdict on the case and she was kept imprisoned in England
What did the Earl Of Leicester tell Elizabeth in 1569
That she should marry the Duke of Norfolk who was the most senior owl to have children and have a claim to the throne this confirmed how dangerous Mary was even in captivity
What are the orders of the plots
1) The revolt of the northern earls
2) The ridolfi plot
3) the Throckmorton plot
4) the Babington plot
What year was the revolt of the northern earls
1569
When was the Ridolfi plot
1571
When was the Throckmorton plot
1583
When was the Babington plot
1586
What was the plot of the revolt of the northern earls
– The earls of Northumberland and Westmorland will raise rebel forces from the lands in the north of England and take control of Durham
– the rebels would then March south towards London and join with the Duke of Norfolk
–Several thousand Spanish forces will then join when they land in Hartlepool
The rebel forces will seize control of the government in London overthrow Elizabeth
– meanwhile Mary Queen of Scots is to be freed and ready to marry the Duke of Norfolk
Why did the revolt of the northern earls fail
Because the Spanish did not join them on the coast of Hartlepool so they had significantly less numbers
– Elizabeth was able to raise an army of 14,000
Beat to the 4000 men of the revolters
How did Elizabeth find out about the revolt of the northern earl sand how did she respond
Robert Dudley told her and as a result the Duke of Norfolk was arrested but not executed
What was the significance of the northern earls revolt
– Northumberland was captured and executed
– it was the first major rebellious act
– treason laws became harsher
– it ended the power of the Percy and Neville families
–Elizabeth’s execution of Northumberland shows how serious she was
What was the Ridolfi plot
-Ridolfi Was a spy for the Pope
-Ridolfi travel to meet the Duke of Alba and explain to the Spanish how to successfully invaded England And restore Catholicism
-Mary Queen of Scots use for Ridolfi to carry messages to the Duke of Alba in the Netherlands
– the aim was to overthrow Elizabeth replacing her with Mary and restoring catholic as a religion
–A coded document highlighting The invasion and plans was left with the Duke of Norfolk
-His servants betrayed him and he was arrested
– most of this was from the work of Francis Walsingham
What happened as a result of the R plot being found out
The Duke of Norfolk was executed
- Elizabeth still refuse to execute Mary
What was the Throckmorton plot
– The Throckmorton plot planned for The French Duke of guys to invade England three Mary and overthrow Elizabeth
– this was financially supported by Philip I I
– a young Englishman called Francis Throckmorton acted as A message carrier between the parties
– Throckmorton was put under surveillance in April 1583 And his house was searched and papers I found a detailing the plot
– he confessed on the torture that Mary know about it and the plot was folded before could happen
– The plot was stopped for could gain any support
-Wolsingham foils this plot as well
What was the consequence of the Throckmorton plot
Area is becoming an issue and counsellors thought that Elizabeth was not safe while Mary lived
What was the Babington plot
The Babington plot centred on the murder of Elizabeth and encouraged the rebellion of Catholics
– the Duke of guys would invade England with 60,000 Man and both Philip IIA and the Pope agreed with this
-Babbington wrote to Mary outlining six steps that we needed to through the country from Protestantism
-They were intercepted by Sir Francis Walsingham and everyone involved was arrested
What was the result of the Babington plot
Mary was eventually executed
Why did the plots fail
– The work of Sir Francis Walsingham
– using informers in England
– intercepting coded letters and messages
– interrogation and torture
– capturing catholic priests and the recusant’s
