Elimination Alteration Metabolism

Question 1

Non-invasive is a “snapshot” assessment of
patient urine at one point in time. A valuable
screening tool for urinary tract
infections, kidneys diseases, and
other conditions.

Answer 1

Urinalysis

Question 2

This is to know how much urine the
body is producing in a day or how
much of a particular substance is
eliminated in a day.

Answer 2

24-urine collection

Question 3

24-urine collection. Collecting may begin at any time but it is usually started in
the morning when patient wake up at approximately what time?

Answer 3

8:00 in the morning

Question 4

This non-invasive diagnostic exam uses sound waves to
create images of the kidney(s). ________ can
assess the size, location and shape of the kidneys,
ureters and bladder.

Answer 4

Renal Ultrasound

Question 5

Preperations needed for Renal Ultrasound:

Answer 5

❖EAT/DRINK: Drink a minimum of 24 ounces of clear
fluid at least one hour before the appointment. Do not
empty the bladder prior to the procedure.
❖No Fasting or sedation
❖Consent sign
❖Patient may resume their usual diet and activities
unless their physician advises them differently.

Question 6

➢refers to a series of X-rays taken of the kidneys, their collecting or
drainage system (the ureters), and the bladder.
➢is commonly done to identify diseases of the urinary tract, such as
kidney stones, tumors, or infection.

Answer 6

Serum studies intravenous pyelography

Question 7

Preperations needed for Serum studies intravenous pyelography

Answer 7

❖Inform your physician if there are any allergies, especially to
iodinated contrast materials.
❖Those with diabetes who are taking metformin (Glucophage) will
have to discontinue this medication prior to and for 2 days after the
IVP
❖ Preparation will involve the use of laxatives and, in some cases,
enemas to cleanse the bowel of stool.
❖NPO for 8-12 hours before the test is done.

Question 8

is the syndrome in which glomerular
filtration declines abruptly from hours to
days and is usually reversible.

Answer 8

Acute Renal Failure

Question 9

The main causes of acute renal failure are:

Answer 9

Not enough blood flow to the kidneys
Direct damage to the kidneys
Urine backed up in the kidneys

Question 10

is a condition involving a decrease in the
kidneys’ ability to filter waste and fluid from the
blood.
➢It is chronic, meaning that the condition develops
over a long period of time and is not reversible.

Answer 10

Chronic Renal Failure

Question 11

also referred to as fluid replacement
➢this fluids are administered to improve cardiac and
tissue oxygenation, which in part depends on flow

Answer 11

Fluid resuscitation

Question 12

which are solutions of electrolytes in
water that cross freely from the vascular space
into the interstitium
➢are the most commonly administered intravenous
fluid.

Answer 12

Crystalloids

Question 13

Examples of crystalloids

Answer 13

PNSS and PLR

Question 14

which contain large molecules that
cannot permeate healthy capillary membranes.
➢ are recommended as “first-line” for fluid
resuscitation in such common critical illnesses as
sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and cardiac arrest.

Answer 14

Colloids

Question 15

Examples of colloids

Answer 15

human plasma (albumin) and semisynthetic
colloids (starches, gelatins, and dextrans).

Question 16

the inside lining of patient own belly
acts as a natural filter. Wastes are
taken out by means of a cleansing fluid
called dialysate, which is washed in
and out of patient belly in cycles.
➢This process usually is done three, four
or five times in a 24-hour period while
patient are awake during normal
activities. Each exchange takes about
30 to 40 minutes.

Answer 16

Peritoneal dialysis

Question 17

Two kinds of peritoneal dialysis

Answer 17

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal
Dialysis (CAPD) and Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)

Question 18

is “continuous,” machine-free and done
while patient go about their normal
activities such as work or school.
➢This is done by hooking up a plastic bag
of cleansing fluid to the tube in their
belly. patients need to do 4
exchanges per day

Answer 18

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal dialysis CAPD

Question 19

A machine (cycler) delivers and then drains the
cleansing fluid automatically. The treatment usually
is done at night while patient’s sleep.
➢Machine has 3 main function:
oHeat PD fluid to body temperature
oControls time of exchange and amount of fluid
used
oMonitor treatment safety alarm

Answer 19

Automated Peritoneal Dialysis APD

Question 20

is a treatment to filter
wastes and water from
patient’s blood, as the
patient kidneys did when
they were healthy.
➢ helps control blood
pressure and balance
important minerals, such as
potassium, sodium, and
calcium, in your blood.

Answer 20

Hemodialysis

Question 21

Three types of entrance points of dialysis are:

Answer 21

Arteriovenous (AV) fistula, AV graft, Vascular access catheter

Question 22

is a special type of dialysis that we do for
unstable patients in the ICU whose bodies cannot
tolerate regular dialysis.
➢ is a slower type of dialysis that puts less stress
on the heart. is done 24 hours a day to slowly and
continuously clean out waste products and fluid
from the patient.
➢ It requires special anticoagulation to keep the
dialysis circuit from clotting.

Answer 22

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
(CRRT)

Question 23

refers to the practice of limiting
the intake of electrolytes.

Answer 23

Electrolytes restriction

Question 24

are minerals that
carry an electric charge and are
found in your blood, urine, and
sweat.

Answer 24

Electrolytes

Question 25

Normal Sodium

Answer 25

135 and 145
milliequivalents
per liter (mEq/L).

Question 26

Normal levels
of potassium
range from

Answer 26

3.5 mmol/L to
5.1 mmol/L in
adults

Question 27

Normal adult
value for
magnesium is

Answer 27

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Question 28

Total blood
calcium:

Answer 28

8.5 to
10.5 milligrams
per deciliter
(mg/dL)

Question 29

means that patient can only have a certain amount of
liquid each day.

Answer 29

Fluid Restriction

Question 30

They help fuel the brain, kidneys, heart muscles,
and central nervous system

Answer 30

High CHO diet

Question 31

this type
connects an artery and a vein. Healing time
after surgery: 6-8 weeks to mature

Answer 31

Arteriovenous Fistula (AV)

Question 32

This type is a looped tube. Healing
time after surgery: 2-3 weeks

Answer 32

AV graft

Question 33

this may be
inserted into the large vein in your neck.
Healing time after surgery: Ready for
immediate use after placement—not
recommended unless medically necessary

Answer 33

Vascular access catheter