elements of immune system

Question 1

strep throat

Answer 1

1) streptococcus pyogenes
2) fever
3) throat becomes
- erythematous
- swelling
- pain
- dysfunction

Question 2

inflammation

Answer 2

1) one of the two principal types of reactions mediated by innate immune system
2) chronic inflammation is bad

Question 3

major function immune system

Answer 3

1) homeostasis
2) distinguish self from non self
3) immune responses arise as a result of foreign stimulation

Question 4

removal of virus infected cells by CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells)

Answer 4

1) MHC-class 1 are self component
2) a virally infected cell will present viral fragment on MHC1
- CD8+ comes in contact and kills it

Question 5

macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 5

1) encounter non self and phagocytose them

Question 6

neutrophil extracellular trap

Answer 6

1) neutrophils can shoot traps to catch pathogens

Question 7

acceptance of nonself

Answer 7

1) high fetal HLA-G expression
2) maternal does not attack fetus
- trophoblasts in placenta express universal HLA-G
—
1) bacteria and food in GI tract and oral cavity
2) immune tolerance
- non responsiveness to harmless foreign bacteria

Question 8

hypersensistivity

Answer 8

1) overreaction of immune response

Question 9

autoimmune disease

Answer 9

1) immune system attacks the self
2) benign mucous membrane pemphigoid and sjogrens syndrome
- women are more susceptive to AI disease

Question 10

most important physiologic function of the immune system is

Answer 10

1) to prevent or eradicate infections

Question 11

innate immunity

Answer 11

1) initial defense against infections
2) non specific
- structures common to groups of related microbes
3) no memory

Question 12

adaptive immunity

Answer 12

1) 12 hours after initial infection
2) humoral
- antibodies produced by B cells
- extracellular microbes
3) cell mediated
- T cells (T lymphocytes)
- CD4+ and CD8_
- intracellular microbes

Question 13

clinical features of adaptive

Answer 13

1) eliminate organisms more efficiently

Question 14

why does adaptive immunity have specificity and memory

Answer 14

1) clonal selection theory
2) lymphocytes epcific for large number of antigens exist
- when it enters, it selects the specific cell and activates them
3) some of them become memory cells

Question 15

active immunity

Answer 15

1) our own immune system is responsible for protecting against a pathogen
2) generates antibodies in days to weeks
3)

Question 16

passive immunity is

Answer 16

1) immunity gained by transferring Igs from someone else
2) naturally occurring
- maternally acquired
3) artificial
- manufactured Abs or Abs from immune individual

Question 17

immune system have two levels of defense

Answer 17

1) skin and immune barrier
2) cells and soluble molecules in innate system
3) activation of adaptive system by innate system
4) cells and products of the adaptive system reinforce innate system

Question 18

epithelial barriers

Answer 18

1) skin and mucosal tissue
2) interface with outer environment
3) limit microbial entry
4) killing microbes with residential lymphocytes and antimicrobials

Question 19

antimicrobial peptides

Answer 19

1) broad spectrum of activity
2) small cationic and amphipathic
- cancel charge of bacteria
3) direct disruptions of bacterial cell membrane
- create hoels
4) antimicrobial and chemotactic

Question 20

intraepithelial lymphocytes

Answer 20

1 )tissue resident cells that produce cytokines similar to those secreted by helper T lymphocytes
2) do not express T cell antigen receptors (TCRs)
3) unknown mechanism of how they kill microbes

Question 21

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 21

1) PMNs
2) neutrophils
- 70% of leukocytes
- multilobed
3) granules: primary, secondary, and tertiary
4) phagocytosis

Question 22

lysozymes

Answer 22

1) muramidase
2) impair structure of peptidoglycan
- break 1,4 beta linkages between NAM and NAG

Question 23

basophils and eosinophils

Answer 23

1) parasites?

Question 24

mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 24

1) monocytes in circulation
2) macrophages
- bone marrow derived macrophages
2) tissue resident macrophage
- derives from cells in yolk sac
- organs like liver (kupffer), spleen (splenic macrophages), lung (alveolar macrophages)

Question 25

mast cells

Answer 25

1) cytoplasmic granules
2) allergic and parasitic infection

Question 26

dendritic cells

Answer 26

1) spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, skin/mucosa
2) phagocytic
3) most potent APCs
4) present antigens to T cells
- activation of adaptive immunity

Question 27

natural killer cells

Answer 27

1) derived from lymphoid cells
2) roles in both innate and adaptive
- in innate, eliminate malignant cells and secrete cytokines and IF gamma

Question 28

B cells

Answer 28

1) B cell antigen receptors
- BCR engagement by antigen results in differentiation to plasma cells
2) plasma cells
- produce antibody

Question 29

T cells

Answer 29

1) naive T cells
- CD8+ and CD4+

Question 30

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 30

1) bone marrow for B cells and thymus for t cells

Question 31

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 31

1) activation of B and T cells
- spleen, lymph nodes, peyers patches