antimicrobials Flashcards
antimicrobial drugs
1) target microorganisms
- bacterial, fungals, virals, parasitic
combating covid-19
1) prophylaxis
2) treatment
- dexamethasone
- anti-viral drugs
histor of antimicrobials
1) paul ehrlich
- arsenic compounds that killed microbes
2) alexander fleming
- penicillin from penicillium notatum
3) gerhard domagk
- sulfanimide
4) selman waksman
- gave definition of antibiotics
antibiotics
1) substances that are produces naturally by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms
2) ANTIBACTERIAL!!! current definition
naturally occuring
1) produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi
semisynthetic
1) chemically altered antibiotics
2) pharmicologically more active
synthetic
1) completely synthesized in a laboratory
penicillin
1) beta lactam with side chain
amoxicillin
1) semisynthetic
2) same beta lactam but different side chain
selective toxicity
1) target bacterial cell without damaging human cell
- target a uniquely bacterial molecule
2) target a molecule that is synthesized in bacterium but can be obtained elsewhere in humans
3) bacterial ribosomes
4) bacterial enzymes
three aspects of bacteria targeted by antibiotics
1) bacterial cell envelope
2) biosynthetic processes within bacteria
3) bacterial metabolism
antibiotic classification
1) cell wall synthesis inhibitors
2) protein synthesis inhibitors
3) metabolic pathways inhibitor
4) nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
cell wall synthesis
1) beta-lactam antibiotics
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- carbapenems
- monobactams
2) vancomycin (glycopeptide) and bacitracin
beta-lactam anitbiotics
1)beta-lactam core structure
- antimicrobial
2) side chains
- pharmacokinetic properties
- spectrum of activity
3)impair last stage of cell wall synthesis by interfering with penicillin binding proteins
4) directly bind to PBP
peptidoglycan
1) peptide chains of NAGA and MAMA
2) last stage is transpeptidase binding protein for cross linking