antimicrobials Flashcards

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1
Q

antimicrobial drugs

A

1) target microorganisms
- bacterial, fungals, virals, parasitic

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2
Q

combating covid-19

A

1) prophylaxis
2) treatment
- dexamethasone
- anti-viral drugs

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3
Q

histor of antimicrobials

A

1) paul ehrlich
- arsenic compounds that killed microbes
2) alexander fleming
- penicillin from penicillium notatum
3) gerhard domagk
- sulfanimide
4) selman waksman
- gave definition of antibiotics

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

1) substances that are produces naturally by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms
2) ANTIBACTERIAL!!! current definition

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5
Q

naturally occuring

A

1) produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi

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6
Q

semisynthetic

A

1) chemically altered antibiotics
2) pharmicologically more active

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7
Q

synthetic

A

1) completely synthesized in a laboratory

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8
Q

penicillin

A

1) beta lactam with side chain

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9
Q

amoxicillin

A

1) semisynthetic
2) same beta lactam but different side chain

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10
Q

selective toxicity

A

1) target bacterial cell without damaging human cell
- target a uniquely bacterial molecule
2) target a molecule that is synthesized in bacterium but can be obtained elsewhere in humans
3) bacterial ribosomes
4) bacterial enzymes

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11
Q

three aspects of bacteria targeted by antibiotics

A

1) bacterial cell envelope
2) biosynthetic processes within bacteria
3) bacterial metabolism

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12
Q

antibiotic classification

A

1) cell wall synthesis inhibitors
2) protein synthesis inhibitors
3) metabolic pathways inhibitor
4) nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

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13
Q

cell wall synthesis

A

1) beta-lactam antibiotics
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- carbapenems
- monobactams
2) vancomycin (glycopeptide) and bacitracin

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14
Q

beta-lactam anitbiotics

A

1)beta-lactam core structure
- antimicrobial
2) side chains
- pharmacokinetic properties
- spectrum of activity
3)impair last stage of cell wall synthesis by interfering with penicillin binding proteins
4) directly bind to PBP

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15
Q

peptidoglycan

A

1) peptide chains of NAGA and MAMA
2) last stage is transpeptidase binding protein for cross linking

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16
Q

vancomycin

A

1) binds to alanine on side chain of newly synthesized peptide chain
2) blocking alanine bridge formation
3) * PBP-binding site (penicillin binding protein binding site)

17
Q

bacterial ribosome

A

1) 70s = 30s and 50s
2) ours are 80s = 40s and 60s

18
Q

inhibition of metabolic pathways

A

1) folic acid
- vitamin required to make nucleotides and AAs
2) we can get it from food but bacteria synthesize it from PABA
3) sulfonamide binds to the enzyme that converts PABA to folic acid

19
Q

quinolones

A

1) inhibit topoisomerase that regular SNA super coiling

20
Q

metronidazole

A

1) the reduced nitro group can hinder DNA replication, transcription, and repair, resulting in cell death

21
Q

rifampin

A

1) inhibit RNA synthesis

22
Q

antibiotic spectrum

A

1) range of bacteria that an antibiotic inhibits or kills
2) narrow spectrum vs broad spectrum
3) broad may cause secondary or superinfections by transient pathogens or normal microbiotia

23
Q

antimicrobial potency

A

1) diffusion susceptibility
2) MIC
- minimum concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits the entire growth of bacterial strain
3) MBC
- minimum concentration required to kill the strain

24
Q

zones of inhibition

A

1) size of the zone is proportional to the potency

25
Q

bacteriostatic

A

1) inhibit growth

26
Q

bactericidal

A

1) kill bacteria

27
Q

antimicrobial potency

A

1) determination of the MIC and mbC by dilution test
2) standard amount of bacterium with graded doses of antibiotic

28
Q

toxicit

A

1) cause of adverse reactions
2) prescribing drugs to pergnant women need considerations
4) toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves
-ex. aminoglycosides => ototoxicity
- tetracycline hepatic and renal toxicity

29
Q

non-toxic

A

1) blakc hair tongue
2) tetracycline causes teeth and bone discoloration

30
Q

hypersensitivity

A

1) anaphylactic shock

31
Q

disruption of normal microbiota

A

1) may result in secondary infections
2) overgrowth
- oral candidiasis, hairy tongue
3) of greatest concern to hospitalized parients

32
Q

intrinsic resistance

A

1) porins limit entry of large antibiotics

33
Q

acquired resistance

A

1) mutation within the same species or acquisition of R plasmids via horizontal gene transfer

34
Q

enzymatic inactivation of drug

A

1) beta-lactamase
2) scientists made clavulanate to amoxicillin to inhibit this enzyme

35
Q

altered uptake and efflux

A

1) efflux pump and decreased accumulation

36
Q

misuse of antibiotics

A

1) emergence of resistant strains
2) before prescribing antibiotics to your patient
3) collect patient sample

37
Q

empiric therapy

A

1) prior to identification of the organisms
2) ideally, the treatment has been selected after the organisms has been identified and drug susceptibility established
- exception is critical ill patient
- broad spectrum therapy

38
Q

prescribed for

A

1) prophylaxis
2) specific / definitive therapy
2) empirical / presumptive therapy