bacterial structure metabolism and genetics

Question 1

spherical

Answer 1

1) cocci

Question 2

rod shaped

Answer 2

1) bacilli
- diplo
- strepto

Question 3

spiral bacteria

Answer 3

1) spiral

Question 4

comma shape

Answer 4

1) vibrio

Question 5

domain bacteria

Answer 5

1) proteobacteria
- largest bacterial phyla
2) firmicutes
3) actinobacteria
4) chlamydiae
5) spirochaetes
6) bacteriodetes
7) fusobacteria
etc

Question 6

gram stain procedure

Answer 6

1) stain with crystal violet
2) iodine (fixative)
3) decolorizer
4) safranin red

gram - is pink

Question 7

acid fast stain

Answer 7

1) for mycobacteria, which dont stain well with gram stain

Question 8

gram positive cell wall

Answer 8

1) there is a thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 9

peptidoglycan

Answer 9

1) provide shape, withstand tugor pressure,
2) composition
- peptidoglycan / murein
- part protein and polysaccharide
- NAG and NAM (N-acetyl groups)
- cross linked with peptides (DAP in gram-)

gram +
- pentaglycine bridge
gram-
-DAP

Question 10

transpeptidases

Answer 10

1) penicillin binding proteins
2) link adjacent glycan chains

peptides bind to NAM?

Question 11

teichoic cids

Answer 11

1) polymers of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate

Question 12

lipoteichoic acids

Answer 12

1) specifically binds to the lipid of cytoplasmic membrane

*both mediate attachment to cell surfaces
- lipopolysaccharides may induce septic shock by inducing IL-1 and TNF alpha production by macrophages

Question 13

periplasmic space

Answer 13

1) gram - have cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
2) periplasmic space contains proteases and phosphatases, lipases, nucleases, and carbohydrate degrading enzymes
3) for metabolism?
4) might also contain virulence factors
- collagenases, hyaluronidases, proteases, beta-lactamases
- cause us disease

Question 14

outer membrane

Answer 14

1) bacterial structure

Question 15

cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 15

1) phospholipids and membrane proteins

Question 16

lipopolysaccharides

Answer 16

1) 3 structural sections
- lipid A for viability and endotoxin
- core polysaccharide with Kdo sugar
- O antigen which is a polysaccharide which distinguishes serotypes of a species

Question 17

outer memrban contains porins

Answer 17

1) diffusion of hydrophilic molecules less than 700 daltons
2) resistance to antibiotics via porin mutation

Question 18

secretion systems

Answer 18

1) Sec is important for secretion
2) or there are sec-independent systems

Question 19

capsule

Answer 19

1) gelatinous layer of polysaccharide
2) covers surfaces and mediates attachment to skin, heart, etc.
3) more virulent bc resistant to macrophages
4) determines serologic type
5) used to generate vaccines

Question 20

flagella

Answer 20

1) pathogenesis in urinary tract
2) protein subunits called flagellin
3) propeller like motion

Question 21

cytoplasm

Answer 21

1) extension microstructure
- microcompartments, inclusion bodies, and granules
2) bacteria may organize their cytoplasm using phase separated microorganelles

Question 22

pili

Answer 22

1) hair like structures
2) attachment to receptors on human cells
3) f pili for bacterial conjugation
4) aka fimbriae

Question 23

cell division

Answer 23

1) DNA replication
2) growth of cell
3) chromosomes
4) production of septum, and pinching to form 2
- the lipids of the pinched part fuse together

Question 24

CFU count

Answer 24

1) colonies

Question 25

do bacteria have a cytoskeleton

Answer 25

1) they have elements of it
2) FtsZ for cell division
3) MreB for cell widte and length

Question 26

endospore

Answer 26

1) some bacteria make special form of peptidoglycan
2) for harsh environment

Question 27

bacterial physiology

Answer 27

1) need nutrients from outside the cell => 12 precursor metabolites, ATP, reducing power
2) biosynthesis, polymerization, assembly, and bacterial cell formation

Question 28

transport into the cell

Answer 28

1) outer membrane
- porin
- small size
2) cell wall
- mesh-like

Question 29

3 major metabolic mathways

Answer 29

1 ) glycolytic
2) tricarboxylic
3) PPP

Question 30

substrate level phospharylation

Answer 30

1) ADP obtains phosphate from metabolic intermediate
2) ATP is formed

Question 31

TCA

Answer 31

1) conversion of molecules with enzymes at every step
2) CO2 and reducing power (NADH, FADN2)
3) ATP

Question 32

PPP

Answer 32

1) ribose -5 - phosphate and erythrose - 4 - phosphate

Question 33

precursor metabolites

Answer 33

1) there are a lot

Question 34

chemiosmosis

Answer 34

1) reducing power is used to continue pumping protons out.
2) protein gradient (chemiosmotic) allow atp synthase to place phosphates on ADP
3) if you add a protonophore, the bacteria would die due to lack of ATP generation from the gradient

Question 35

oxygen use

Answer 35

1) obligate anaerobes
2) obligate aerobes
3) facultative anaerobes

Question 36

frederick griffith

Answer 36

1) transforming factor which can be taken from virulent bacteria and make non-virulent bacteria turn virulent
2) could make a capsule

Question 37

DNA replication

Answer 37

1) AT and GC
2) DNA polymerase III binds nucleotides releases pyrophosphate
3) semiconservative
- replication fork
- one direction 5->3
4) leading and lagging strand

Question 38

regulation of gene expression

Answer 38

1) inducible genes
2) repressible genes

Question 39

when glucose is exhausted

Answer 39

1) growth stops but begins at slower rate using lactose as energy
- lac operon: lacZ, lacY, lacA
- regulated by lacI
2) when no lactose
- repressor binds, stops transcription
3) when lactos
-repressor gets bound by product of lactose

Question 40

gene exchange

Answer 40

1) transformation
- DNA enters
2) transduction
- phages
3) conjugation
- plasmid

Question 41

plasmids

Answer 41

1) circular DNA 1.5-400 kbp
2) resistance to toxins or antibiotics
3) fertility factor for conjugation
4) bacteriocins
- toxins