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Questions - Revision > Element 3 > Flashcards

Element 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the typical forms of ill health associated with poor work design?

A
  • Back injuries and back pain.
  • Work Related Upper Limb Disorders.
  • Other chronic soft tissue injuries.
    Collectively, all of these conditions can be referred to as MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDs).
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2
Q

List some repetitive activities which give rise to a higher risk of MSD?

A
  • Display Screen Equipment (DSE) use.
  • Factory assembly of small components.
  • Supermarket checkout operation.
  • Bricklaying.
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3
Q

Define “Ergonomics”?

A

The study of the relationship between the worker, the work that they are doing, and the environment in which they are doing it.

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4
Q

Ergonomics is concerned with the interaction of people with…..?

A
  • Tools, equipment or machinery.
  • The workplace environment (lighting, etc).
  • Organisational factors (shift patterns or hours of work).
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5
Q

What is the aim of Ergonomics?

A
  • To minimise ill health.
  • Optimise efficiency.
  • Adapt the workplace to suit the individual.
  • Take into account a persons physical attributes.
  • Take into account a persons mental attributes.
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6
Q

Outline the ill health effects of poor task and workstation design?

A
  • Fatigue or strain on the eyes from excessive glare, poor lighting, screen flicker, etc.
  • Headaches from excessive glare, noise, poor lighting, etc.
  • General fatigue due to temperature difference, humidity, monotony, poorly placed controls or difficult to read displays.
  • Aches and pains, muscle strains from over reaching, continually getting up and down, turning, twisting, etc. Poor positioning of key boards and display screens.
  • Aches and pains from poor seating design and positioning in relation to workstation items and tasks.
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7
Q

Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Task?

A
  • Repetition.
  • Force.
  • Posture.
  • Twisting.
  • Rest.
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8
Q

Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Equipment?

A
  • Equipment Design.

- Equipment Adjustability.

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9
Q

Identify the Ergonomic factors that influence risk, which relate to the Environment?

A
  • Lighting.

- Other environmental parameters.

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10
Q

Outline some control measures for Display Screen Equipment?

A
  • Carry our a workstation assessment to ensure that the equipment and environment meets minimum standards, and that it can be adjusted to suit the user.
  • Provide basic DSE equipment that meets good ergonomic design.
  • Plan the users work routine: short, frequent breaks.
  • Provide DSE users with free eye tests and specs.
  • Provide information, instruction and training on the potential health risks of DSE. Educate on use of preventative measures.
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11
Q

List some good ergonomics at a workstation?

A
  • Adjustable height and angle seat back.
  • Adjustable height seat.
  • Good lumbar support.
  • Foot support.
  • Space for postural change.
  • Screen height and tilt should be adjustable.
  • Space in front of keyboard to support hands/wrists.
  • Desk laid out to minimise the need for twisting/over reaching.
  • A document holder may be required.
  • A headset for the telephone.
  • Workplace lighting.
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12
Q

Identify the 4 main factors by which “Manual Handling” can be assessed?

A
  • The Task
  • The Individual Capabilities
  • The Load
  • The Environment
    TILE
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13
Q

List the common types of Manual Handling injury?

A
  • Back injury
  • Tendon and ligament injuries
  • Muscle injuries
  • Hernias
  • WRULDs
  • Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones
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14
Q

Define Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

A

Seeks to compare monetary value of benefits with the monetary value of costs.

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15
Q

Define “Benefit”?

A

Anything that increases human well being.

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16
Q

Define “Cost”?

A

Anything that decreases human well being.

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17
Q

When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the TASK can be risk assessed?

A
  • At what height is the load being picked up, carried or put down?
  • Is the task very repetitive?
  • Is a long carrying distance involved?
  • Does the task involve stooping (bending back), to move the load?
  • Does the task involve twisting?
  • Can rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them?
  • Does the task involve lifting the load through a vertical distance?
  • Does the task involve reaching above shoulder height?
  • Does the task involve the worker holding the load away from their torso?
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18
Q

When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the LOAD can be risk assessed?

A
  • How heavy is the load?
  • How large and bulky is the load?
  • How stable is the load?
  • Where is the centre of gravity (C of G) of the load?
  • Is the load difficult to grip?
  • Is the load hot, sharp or otherwise hazardous?
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19
Q

When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the ENVIRONMENT can be risk assessed?

A
  • Are there restrictions on the space available?
  • Is the floor surface slippery or uneven?
  • Are there changes in the floor level (steps, stairs, etc)?
  • What are the light levels like?
  • What is the temperature and humidity?
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20
Q

When Manual Handling, outline factors on how the INDIVIDUAL can be risk assessed?

A
  • Does the activity require unusual ability (significant strength, stamina, size or technique)?
  • Does the activity present significant risk to vulnerable individuals (pregnant women, or persons with pre-existing back injuries)?
21
Q

Outline the hierarchy of control when managing/minimising manual handling risks?

A
  • Eliminate the manual handling.
  • Assess the manual handling that cannot be eliminated.
  • Use handling aids.
  • Modify the task, load and environment.
  • Ensure individual capabilities are matched to the activity.
22
Q

List some methods of eliminating manual handling?

A
  • Use an automated or mechanised method.
  • Conveyor belt systems.
  • Forklift trucks.
  • Electric pallet trucks.
  • Cranes.
  • Hoists.
23
Q

List some “Handling Aids”?

A
  • Trolleys.
  • Barrel lifts.
  • Gin wheels.
  • Trucks.
  • Hoists.
  • Lifts.
24
Q

Explain how a TASK could be modified?

A
  • Frequent rest breaks.
  • Job rotation.
  • Change the layout of a workstation to eliminate stooping.
  • Use a table or lift to bring the load to waist level (eliminates picking it up from the floor).
25
Q

Explain how a LOAD could be modified?

A
  • Break it down into smaller parts.
  • Use several workers, rather than just one.
  • Stabilise a load by putting it onto a container.
  • Mark up a load with an off-centre C of G, so that workers can see where the C of G is.
  • Attach handles to a load, making it easier to grasp.
26
Q

Explain how an ENVIRONMENT could be modified?

A
  • Re-arrange the workspace to allow more space for the handling activity.
  • Level an uneven floor.
  • Supply additional lighting in a poorly lit location.
27
Q

Outline the most efficient movement principles?

A

BEFORE LIFTING:
- Check the weight, C of G and stability of the load.
- Plan the route of carry.
- Establish a firm grip.
DURING THE LIFT:
- Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift.
- Keep the back upright.
- Keep the load close to the body.
- Avoid twisting, over-reaching and jerking.
SETTING DOWN:
- Use the same principles as when lifting.
- Maintain good balance.
- Set the load down and then adjust it’s position using body weight.

28
Q

Outline the hazards associated with “Manually-Operated Load-Handling” equipment?

A
  • Manual handling risk associated with pushing/pulling the truck.
  • Instability of the load, causing it to fall.
  • Moving up, down or across slopes, causing loss of control.
  • Poor parking of the truck causing an obstruction in a traffic route.
  • Pedestrians being struck during manoeuvring.
  • Trapped feet under the wheels or when lowering the load.
  • Entrapment of the person being handled.
29
Q

List some precautions for safe use of manually operated equipment?

A
  • Restrict use to trained workers only.
  • Follow manufacturers recommendations.
  • Avoid uneven ground or slopes.
  • Use ramps over steps.
  • Observe the safe working load limits of the truck.
  • Secure the load if necessary.
  • Use the brakes whenever the truck is stationary.
  • Take care when moving or lowering the load.
  • Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction.
  • Routine inspections and maintenance.
  • Use safety shoes or boots to avoid crush injuries.
30
Q

Identify some examples of “People Hoists” and/or “Handling Aids”?

A
  • Patient hoists: care homes.
  • Small handling aids: slide boards in hospitals.
  • Wheel chairs.
31
Q

Outline the general requirements for safe lifting operations?

A
  • Equipment should be strong enough for the lifting task.
  • Equipment should be stable and secure.
  • Lifting equipment should be visibly marked with the Safe a Working Load (SWL).
  • Lifting operations should be planned, carried out and supervised by competent persons.
  • Equipment that is used to lift people must be subject to additional regulatory inspections.
32
Q

List the hazards associated with forklift trucks?

A
  • Overturning.
  • Fall of the load.
  • Striking of pedestrians.
  • Fall or entrapment of a person riding on the forks.
  • Fall from a loading dock.
33
Q

Identify the different engine type and fuel of forklift trucks?

A
  • Battery powered trucks.
  • Diesel powered trucks.
  • Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) trucks.
34
Q

Explain the hazards associated with Battery powered forklift trucks?

A
  • Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive.
  • Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid which is corrosive.
  • Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual handling risk when changed.
  • Electricity can cause arcing, shock, burns or fire.
  • Battery contents are an environmental hazard requiring appropriate disposal.
35
Q

Explain the hazards associated with Diesel powered forklift trucks?

A
  • Dermatitis, caused by contact of diesel with the skin.
  • Diesel spills are a significant slip hazard.
  • Large spills which might pollute the environment.
  • Exhaust fumes which are toxic.
  • Hazards associated with bulk storage of diesel.
36
Q

Explain the hazards associated with LPG powered forklift trucks?

A
  • LPG is an explosive gas.
  • Exhaust fumes are toxic.
  • LPG cylinders are heavy and present a manual handling risk during changing.
  • Hazards associate with storage of cylinders or bulk storage of LPG.
37
Q

Outline the precautions for safe use of forklift trucks?

A
  • Restrict use to trained operators only.
  • Routine visual inspection of truck before use.
  • Routine maintenance of the truck in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
  • Never use the forklift truck to lift people, unless a proper working platform is attached.
  • Ensure that the load on the forks is secure and stable.
  • Ensure that the safe working load limits of the truck are not exceeded.
  • Observe the site speed limits.
  • Never travel with the forks raised.
  • Never travel with obstructed vision.
38
Q

Give some precautions that are required when operating Battery-powered trucks?

A
  • Batteries charged in a well ventilated area, away from ignition sources.
  • Sulphuric acid should only be handled when wearing appropriate PPE (gloves, apron, eye/face protection).
  • Battery handling should be mechanised.
  • The electrical risk may require the use of insulated tools and gloves.
39
Q

Give some precautions that are required when operating Diesel-powered trucks?

A
  • Should only be used in a well ventilated area.
  • Spill kits should be available.
  • Gloves should be worn when handling diesel.
40
Q

Give some precautions that are required when operating LPG-powered trucks?

A
  • Should only be used in well ventilated areas.
  • LPG cylinder handling should be mechanised.
  • Spare cylinders must be stored in a secure, safe, well ventilated location.
41
Q

Identify the main hazards associated with hoists?

Identify the additional hazards which exist, when the hoist is used to carry people?

A
  • Falling objects.
  • Being struck by the load during a lifting operation.
  • Becoming entangled in moving parts.
    ADDITIONAL HAZARDS:
  • Falls from height.
  • Being struck by landing levels, parts of any enclosure or other projections.
42
Q

List the precautions for the safe use of hoists?

A
  • Ensure it’s suitable for it’s intended use.
  • Prevent people from getting underneath the hoist or lift platform during operation.
  • Prevent people from getting access to an unprotected landing edge.
  • Prevent people from getting struck whilst being carried on the lift platform: construct an enclosure around the lift platform.
  • Observe the maximum safe working load of the lift or hoist.
  • Ensure all safety devices are in full working order.
  • Restrict use to only trained, competent people.
  • Provide information, instruction and training.
  • Routine maintenance by competent engineers.
  • Routine inspection and thorough examination as required.
43
Q

List the main hazards associated with Conveyors?

A
  • Fingers drawn into moving parts (in-running nip points).
  • Entanglement (loose clothing with rotating parts).
  • Falling objects (overhead conveyor systems).
44
Q

Identify precautions that can be taken to minimise risks associated with Conveyors?

A
  • Warning alarms to tell you it’s about to start.
  • Guarding of moving parts to prevent entanglement.
  • Emergency stop buttons and pull cords are fitted.
  • Barriers to exclude people from area.
  • Fitting of guards/nets underneath Conveyors to catch falling objects.
  • Information , instruction and training in operation.
  • Control of loose clothing and long hair in the workplace.
  • Maintenance by authorised personnel.
  • Provision of a defect reporting system.
45
Q

Identify the main hazards associated with a mobile crane?

A
  • Collapse or falling over.
  • The arm/jib/boom striking other structures.
  • Falling load.
  • Load striking against other objects or people during movement.
  • Contact with live overheads.
46
Q

Outline factors that might make a mobile crane topple over?

A
  • Overloading beyond it’s lifting capacity.
  • Siting the crane on uneven or unstable ground.
  • Failure to use outriggers correctly.
  • Using crane in high winds.
  • Extending jib/boom too far for the weight being lifted.
  • Structural failure of parts.
47
Q

Outline the requirements for safe lifting operations?

A
  • Ensure crane or lifting device is the correct type for the job/terrain.
  • Ensure crane or lifting device is strong and stable.
  • Ensure load is within the lifting capacity of the crane or device.
  • Carefully site the crane on stable even ground, away from structures or overheads.
  • Use outriggers correctly.
  • Check the maintenance of the crane (in date certification).
  • Restrict use of crane to trained, competent people.
  • Ensure each lift is planned and supervised by a competent person.
  • Provide a Banksman so that good communications and good visibility are maintained.
  • Ensure safety devices are working correctly.
  • Check the weather conditions and abide by manufacturers recommendations on wind speed.
  • Use appropriate PPE.
  • Use signs and barriers to warn and exclude people from the area.
48
Q

Outline the legal requirements associated with lifting equipment (when should it be thoroughly examined)?

A
  • Before it’s first use.
  • If the way it has been installed will make a difference to its strength and stability.
  • Periodically: 12 months if it’s not used to carry people, 6 months if it’s used to carry people, 6 months for lifting accessories (chains, slings, etc).
  • After an event that may have affected it’s strength and stability.
49
Q

What does WRULDs stand for?

A

Work Related Upper Limb Disorders

Questions - Revision (39 decks)

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