electrons and bonding

Question 1

how many electrons are in the 1st shell?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

how many electrons in the 2nd shell?

Answer 2

8

Question 3

how many electrons in the 3rd shell?

Answer 3

18

Question 4

how many electrons in the 4th shell?

Answer 4

32

Question 5

how many orbitals are in each sub-shell?

Answer 5

s = 1
p = 3
d = 5
f = 7

Question 6

what are atomic orbitals?

Answer 6

regions around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins

Question 7

what shape are s orbitals?

Answer 7

spherical

Question 8

what shape are p orbitals?

Answer 8

dumbbell

Question 9

what is special about the relationship between 3d and 4s?

Answer 9

4s is lower energy than 3d

Question 10

what is Hund’s Law?

Answer 10

the orbitals of a sub-shell must be filled singly with parallel spins before pairing

Question 11

what is ionic bonding?

Answer 11

the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 12

what are giant ionic lattices?

Answer 12

ions arranged in a regular, 3d pattern.
electrostatic forces act in all directions
this means high melting points

Question 13

what properties do ionic compounds have?

Answer 13

1. high melting/boiling point - strong ionic bonds
2. many are soluble in polar solvents
3. conduct electricity in solution or as a liquid as ions are free to move and carry charge

Question 14

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 14

the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

Question 15

what is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 15

a covalent bond where the shared pair is derived form one of the bonded atoms

Question 16

what is average bond enthalpy?

Answer 16

a measurement of covalent bond strength