Electron Arrangements

Question 1

How electrons are arranged (order of orbitals)

Answer 1

First s then p then d
1s^2 
2s^2 
2p^6
3s^2
3p^6
4s^2
3d^10
4s is before 3d 
The powers represent how many electrons are in the orbital 
The letter shows what orbital it’s in

Question 2

How can you simplify electron arrangements

Answer 2

Can use a noble gas as well

Question 3

Electron arrangement anomalies

Answer 3

Chromium cr24 is not [ar]3d4 4s2
But ar 3d5 4s1

Copper is ar 3d10 4s1

Only copper and chromium fill the d orbital differently

Question 4

Periodic table orbital blocks

Answer 4

Group one and two is s block and helium
Transition metals is d block
Group 5 to 10 is p block
Those bottom extras are f block
The p roofs show what the last block is he first row is 1s etc

Question 5

What did mendeleev do

Answer 5

Ordered elements in atomic mass (now atomic number)
He made gaps for undiscovered elements
Made predictions for undiscovered elements
And swapped elements around eg (Te and I)
(GPS)

Question 6

Metallic bonding

Answer 6

Positive metal ions in a lattice with delocalised electrons

It has strong electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the negative delocalised electrons

Question 7

Covalent bonding

Answer 7

Two types simple covalent and giant network
Simple has weak intermolecular forces
Network has four string covalent bonds and needs lots of energy to overcome these bonds

Question 8

Periodicity

Answer 8

The study of repeating patterns across a period eg melting point

Question 9

Shape and angle of six bonds

Answer 9

Octahedral 90 degrees (full star shape )

Question 10

Five bonds shape and angle

Answer 10

Triangular by-pyramidal

90 degrees and 120 degrees

Question 11

Four bonds shape and angle

Answer 11

Tetrahedral 
109.5 degrees
Every lone pair reduces 2.5 degrees
One lone is triangular pyramid 
Two lone is bent

Question 12

Three bonds shape and angle

Answer 12

Triangular planar

120 degrees

Question 13

Two bonds shape and angle

Answer 13

Liner planar

180 degrees

Question 14

Shape of molecules model answer

Answer 14

There are () electron regions around the central () atom.
The maximum spacing to minimize repulsion is () degrees resulting in a () shape.

Question 15

Alpha radiation

Answer 15

Helium nucleus use he 4,2 or alpha symbol (fish shape)

Question 16

Beta radiation

Answer 16

High energy electron 0,-1 e or beta symbol (capital B with extended spine)

Question 17

Gamma radiation

Answer 17

High energy radiation

Question 18

Nuclear fusion

Answer 18

Where two smaller nuclei fuse to form one single larger nucleus
Eg h2,1 + h1,1 >he 4,2

Question 19

Ionic bonding

Answer 19

Between a metal and non metal
Have electrostatic attractions
Strong ionic bonds due to oppositely charged ions

Question 20

Properties of ionic bonding

Answer 20

High melting/boiling  point
Hard but brittle
Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water 
Often soluble in water 
Insoluble in non polar solvents

Question 21

Properties of metallic bonding

Answer 21

Generally high melting/boiling point
Hard but malleable
Conduct electricity when solid or liquid
Insoluble in everything but some react

Question 22

Explain in terms of the ions involved why barium carbonate is more thermally stable than calcium carbonate

Answer 22

Barium carbonate is a smaller ion with the same charge.
This means that it has a higher charge density .
This means that it can distort the large carbonate ion.
So that the compound decomposes at a lower temperature/has lower thermal stability.