Drugs List Block 4 Flashcards
Hydroxycobslsmin
Precursor of vitamin b12 and methylcobalamin
B12 enzyme for metabolic reactions Deficiency can cause neurological lesions
Merthylco is used for metabolism of folic acid deficiency can cause reduced dna synthesis
Ferrous sulphate
Iron supplement for people with iron deficiency
Folic acid supplements
Folic acid converted to Tetrahyrdofolic acid Then methyltetrahydrofloic by dihydrofolate reductase
Transported via Endocytosis
Maintain erythropoiesis
Synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids and methylate trna And generate and use formate
Azathioprine
Antagonist of purine metabolism
Inhibits cell proliferation
Most serious side effect is bone marrow suppression
Cyclosporin
Cyclosporin is used as an immunosuppressive agent, used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation.
It binds to cyclophilin, which causes the inhibition of calcineurin, which is responsible for activating the transcription of IL-2.
This causes a reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes, in the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle. T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited, with the T1-helper lymphocyte is the main target, although it may also inhibit the T1-suppressor cell.
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet therapy agent. It is a prodrug, and requires metabolism by CYP450 enzymes to produce the active metabolite.
Its mode of action is the irreversible blocking of the P2Y12 receptor, and thereby blocking the binding site of ADP which acts as a secondary agonist that is critical to complete platelet activation.
As a consequence, the activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor is reduced leading to a reduction in fibrinogen binding and thrombus formation. Therefore, within those patients with an elevated risk of arterial thrombus risk, clopidigrel acts to reduce the risk of a significant thrombotic effect.
Heparin
Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant with antithrombotic properties. Small amounts of heparin in combination with antithrombin III, a heparin cofactor, can inhibit thrombosis by inactivating Factor Xa and thrombin (Factor IIa).
Once active thrombosis has developed, larger amounts of heparin can inhibit further coagulation by inactivating thrombin and preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Heparin also prevents the formation of a stable fibrin clot by inhibiting the activation of the fibrin stabilizing factor. Heparin prolongs several coagulation tests, for example activated partial prothrombin time (aPTT).
Lepirudin
Anti thrombin agent that forms a stable non-covalent complex with -thrombin, preventing fibrinogen cleavage and initiation of the clotting cascade.
It has been replaced with Dabigatran (direct thrombin inhibitor) or Apixaban (A factor Xa inhibitor).
Prednisolone
Prednisone, is a heavily prescribed corticosteroid. Prednisolone can cross the cell membrane and can bind to the cortisone receptor. This leads to changes in DNA transcription reducing the production of inflammatory proteins.
One specific example is the reduction in the activity of phospholipase A2, leading to the reduced production of arachidonic acid. It can also affect the cell membrane altering ion permeability, and also can affect neurohormone production
Tetanus booster
Tetanus vaccine is given in childhood. However, booster vaccination are beneficial to ensure the patient will resist tetanus infection.
In active vaccines can be subdivided into whole virus, split virus or subunit virus vaccinations. In this case the booster should be given every ten years, although can be given within 2 days or the patient’s injury.
Warfarin
Warfarin is used in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic as well as for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
Warfarin inhibits vitamin K reductase, reducing levels of the reduced form of vitamin K. As vitamin K is required for the production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S, these levels also drop. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in reduced ability to form a clot.
Adrenaline
Also known as epinephrine
stimulation of alpha, beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
Its effects on α-adrenergic receptors lead to reductions in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis. Its actions on β-adrenergic receptors cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, and help to alleviate bronchospasm.
Chlorphenamine
binds to the histamine H1 receptor, blocking its activity (competitive inverse agonist)
This leads to temporary relief of the effects of histamine, such as sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever
Diclofenac
COX inhibitor
NSAID.
analgesic due to the inhibition of both COX-1 and COX2 enzymes.
anti-pyretic properties due to effects on the hypothalamus leading to peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat dissipation.
Examples of conditions in which Diclofenac is prescribed are pain, dysmenorrhea, and ocular inflammation.
Hydrocortisone
Glucocorticoid nuclear receptor agonist
binds to the cortisol receptor forming a receptor-ligand complex, which translocates to the nucleus, binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes, causing the increase in their expression.
inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby reducing arachidonic acid synthesis and production of inflammatory mediators.
immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding.
