Electrolytes Flashcards
HypoNAtremia
Na+ (sodium) level in the blood is <135
The concentration of sodium in the blood drops below normal
Causes of HypoNAtremia
- Salt loss from the body is > water loss
ex: diarrhea, NG suctioning, vomiting, sweating, salt-wasting diuretics - Body retains an excess amount of water compared to overall sodium level (dilution)
ex: water intoxication, CHF, overuse of hypertonic solution
What do you observe with HypoNAtremia?
Increased Na+ Excretion vs Diluted Na+ level
Increased Na+: decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, orthostatic HYPOtension, abdominal cramps
Diluted Na+: edema, crackles, distended JVD (chf)
If Na+ level continues to DECREASE?
Headaches Changes in LOC: -altered mental status -extreme fatigue -seizures -coma -death ***secondary to increased ICP and cerebral edema
How to treat HypoNAtremia
Increased Na+ excretion vs Diluted Na+ vs Extreme Neuro Symptoms
Increased Excretion:
- fluid restriction
- Sodium replacement
- increased salt in diet, salt tabs,LR/ 0.9% NS
Diluted Na+:
- Fluid restriction
- Na+ restriction
Extreme Neuro Symptoms:
-Hypertonic IV Solution (3% NS)
HypERNAtremia
Na+ level in the blood is > 145
-The concentration of sodium in the blood is above normal
HypERNAtremia causes
- More salt than water is gained
- excessive intake of Na+
- fluid deprivation
- Diabetes Insipidus (excessive ADH) - More water than salt is lost
- watery stools
- Hyperventilation
- Excessive diaphoresis
What to observe with HypERNAtremia
*S.A.L.T.* S-skin flushed A- agitation L- low grade fever T- thirst -orthostatic hypotension -Weakness -delusions/hallucinations
How to treat HypERNAtremia
- Hypotonic Fluids ( D5W, 0.45% NS) or Isotonic
- Salt wasting diuretics
- Meds to suppress ADH (Desmopressin)
- Increase fluid intake
- Na+ restriction
NORMAL SODIUM LEVELS
135-145
-Helps to regulate fluid balance in the body
HypoKalemia
K+ level in the blood is < 3.5
NORMAL POTASSIUM LEVEL
3.5-5
Regulates a little of the fluid balance, but a lot of muscle contractions, and nerve signals
Causes of HypoKalemia
- K* wasting diuretic (lasix)
- Diarrhea/ Vomiting
- NG suction
- Inadequate intake (alcoholism, fasting/anorexia)
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Excessive laxative use
- Increased aldosterone
- Diabetes-insulin causes shift
- Metabolic Alkalosis
What to observe in HypoKalemia
- *Levels below 3
- Anorexia/ Fatigue
- Muscle weakness/ cramping
- N/V
- Decreased bowl motility
- Numbness/ tingling
- Decreased deep tendon reflexes
- Cardiac Arythmias (U wave)
How to treat HypoKalemia
Conservative vs Aggressive
Conservative:
- Increased oral intake
- K+ supplement
Aggressive:
- IV replacement (K+ jumps)
- **K+ can ONLY be given as IVPB
- Peripheral Line= 20 mEq over 2 hrs
- Central Line= 40 mEq over 2 hrs
HypERKalemia
Serum K+ level is > 5
Causes of HypERKalemia
- increased K+ intake
- K+ sparing diuretics
- Dig-toxicity
- Crush injuries /trauma/burns
- Diabetes mellitis
- Kidney failure
- Decrease in aldosterone
- rapid delivery/blood transfusions
- metabolic acidosis
What to observe with HypERKalemia
- Cardiac arythmias with EKG changes ( level > 6) ( T wave)
- muscle weakness/ paralysis
- nausea/ diarrhea
***Can lead to cardiac arrest (levels >8)
How to treat HypERKalemia
Conservative vs Aggressive
Conservative:
- restrict K+ intake
- Kayexalate (excretes K+ in stool)
Aggressive:
- IV calcium gluconate (protects cardiac function)
- IV insulin and dextrose solution
- Dialysis w/ kidney failure
HypoCALCemia
Serum CA++ levels < 8.5
**Calcium level is opposite of phosphate levels
Causes of HypoCALCemia
- limited CA++ in diet
- Poor oral intake (malnutrition, alcoholism)
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Medications (albumin based antacids)
What to observe with HypoCALCemia
- **Levels < 4.4 (severe symptoms)
- Tetany
- Seizures
- Trousseau Sign
- Chvostek Sign
How to treat HypoCALCemia
- increase oral intake of calcium
- Vitamin D therapy
- IV Calcium gluconate
- IV calcium chloride
Nursing Management of HypoCALCemia
- watch for patients w/ removed thyroid
- osteoporosis
- Seizure Precaution
- Fall precaution
- **Keep trach tray at bedside
HyperCALCemia
Serum CA++ levels > 10.2
What causes HyperCALCemia
- malignancies
- rapid and complete bone destruction
- Hyperparathyroidism
- **Can lead to CARDIAC ARREST
What to observe with HyperCALCemia
“Bones, stones, moans, groans”
- bone pain, muscle weakness
- Kidney stones
- Anxiety, impaired memory, confusion, lethargy
- GI pain, N/V, constipation, indigestion
How to treat HyperCALCemia
- Treat the Cause
- Chemotherapy
- Partial Parathyroidectomy
- Restrict CA++/ vitamin D intake
- IV therapy- 0.9% NS to dilute CA++ levels and increase excretion
- Ambulation
- Calcitonin (intramuscularly)
NORMAL Magnesium Level
- 3-2.3
- Aides in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
- Important for neuromuscular function
- Aides in vasodilation if cardiovascular system
HypOmagnesemia Causes
Low levels of magnesium
- Alcohol withdrawal
- NG suction
- Diarrhea
- IV glucose
HypERmagnesemia Causes
- Kidney failure
- Untreated DKA
- Excessive use of: antacids, laxatives
HypOmagnesemia Symptoms
- muscle twitches
- weakness
- tremors
- Tetany
- Trousseau’s Sign
- Chvostek’s Sign
- extreme agitation
- torsadae’s de pointes
- seizures
HypERmagnesemia Symptoms
- HYPOtension
- N/V
- Lethargy
- Trouble speaking
- Paralysis
- loss of DTRs
NORMAL Phosphorous
- 5-4.5
- Helps with muscle and red blood cell function
- Acid-base balance
- Maintains nervous system
- Provide strength for bones and teeth
- Helps change food to energy
Hypophosphatemia Causes
- Increase intake of carbs
- Malnutrition
- Alcoholism
- Heat stroke
- Liver failure
- DKA
- Low K+/Mg+ levels
- hyperparathyroidism
- immobile
HypERphosphatemia Causes
- Kidney failure
- Decreased urine output
- Increased phosphorus intake
Hypophosphatemia Symptoms
- irritable
- fatigue
- paresthesia
- Difficult swallowing/speaking
- Seizures
- coma
HypERphosphatemia Symptoms
- S/S of low Ca++
- Anorexia
- N/V
- Bone/Joint pain
- Hyperreflexia
- Tachycardia
HypOphosphatemia Treatment
- diet
- Phosphorous supplements
- Aggressive IV therapy (failing GI)
- Alcohol cessation
- Withdrawal protocols
HypERphosphatemia Treatment
- Treat underlying cause
- Kidney Failure
- Respiratory/ Metabolic acidosis
- diet
Why would a nurse give insulin and dextrose solution to a patient with HypERKalemia?
Because insulin opens up our cells for K+ to return to where it should be and the dextrose will balance out the increase in insulin