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NURS 1245 > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy person has ___ % total body water

A

50 - 60

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2
Q

Who has more body fluid and ECF (Infant or child) and is more prone to fluid volume deficits

A

Infant

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3
Q

Women and elderly have (more / less) body water, and elderly have less muscle mass thus increased fat cells (muscle cells carry more fluid)

A

Less

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4
Q

Tell me about infants until 3 years old Metabolic rates and Urine

A

Higher metabolism

More urine Excretion &
Cannot concentrate Urine

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5
Q

Intracellular fluid ICF (Within Cell)

(4) Ions

A

K+
Mg+
P04 (Phosphate)
Proteins

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6
Q

K+
Mg+
P04
Proteins

Intra or Extracellular fluid

A

Intra

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid can be found
Between cells (INTERSTITIAL)
Within Blood Vessel-INTERVASCULAR (BLOOD PLASMA)

Types of electrolytes (4)

A

Na+
Ca+
Cl- (Chloride)
HC03- (bicarbonate)

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8
Q

Function of Fluid

Transport nutrients to and waste from cell

Transport Hormones, Enzymes, Blood platelets, & Red & White blood cells

Cellular Metabolism and Cellular Functions

Solvent for electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes

______________

______________

_______________

A

Maintain body temperature & Blood pressure

Digestion & Elimination

Tissue lube

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9
Q

Function of Fluid

Transports __________

Cellular metabolism

Acts as a _____ for electrolytes & nonelectrolytes

Maintains ___________

Digestion & Elimination

Tissue lube

A

Nutrients & Waste

Hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, red and white blood cells

Acts as a solvent

Maints Temp & Blood Pressure

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10
Q

A series of shifts and movements to achieve

Equilibrium of ______ (concentration level)

Equilibrium of ______ (pressure within fluid spaces)

A

Osmolarity

Pressure

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11
Q

Osmolarity is..

A

measurement of solute concentration.

It is the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L)

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12
Q

_____ liquids that hold a substance in solution (water)

_____ substances dissolved in a solution (electrolytes and nonelectrolytes)

A

Solvents (water)

Solutes (electrolytes)

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13
Q

Sodium (Na) is found

(ECF or ICF)

A

ECF

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14
Q

Controls and regulates volume of body fluids / Affecting BP

Found in ECF

A

Sodium Na

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15
Q

Potassium (K) is found here

A

ICF

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16
Q

Cheif regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content, CARDIAC

A

Potassium K

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17
Q

Metabolism of carbohydrate and protein, vital actions involving enzymes (ATP)

A

Magnesium Mg

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18
Q

Magnesium Mg is found here

A

ICF

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19
Q

Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)

Fluid moves from areas with more fluid to areas of less

A

Osmosis

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20
Q

Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)

Solutes move from higher concentration to lower

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)

Solutes move from lower concentration to higher

A

Active transport

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22
Q

Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)

Forces fluid and solutes through the capillary wall

A

Filtration

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23
Q

Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)

Prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries

A

Reabsorption

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24
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure does what…

What force makes this happen

Where does this happen in the body

A

Forces fluid and solutes to move out of the capillary.

Gravity

In the arterial end of the capillary

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25
Q

Osmotic Pressure aka Colloid aka Oncotic Pressure- Does what?

Via Osmosis, but what solute drives this action

A

Returns water to the capillary

Albumin (too large move through capillary)

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26
Q

enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues.

It is also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout your body. Without it, fluid can leak out of your blood and build up in your lungs, abdomen (belly), or other parts of your body

A

Albumin

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27
Q

Plasma Colloid osmotic pressure assists in Diffusion (Reabsorption or Capillary Filtration)

A

Reabsorption

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28
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure forces this type of action (Reabsorption or Capillary Filtration)

A

Capillary Filtration

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29
Q

When hydrostatic Pressure ( Drops Lower / Exceeds) Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure Fluids and Solutes move from capillaries to the interstitial space.

A

Exceeds

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30
Q

When Hydrostatic Pressure (Drops Lower / Exceeds) plasma Colloid Pressure, Fluid & Solutes enter the capillaries from the interstitial fluid

A

Drops lower

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31
Q

Intravascular fluid is aka

A

Plasma

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32
Q

Hypertonic Solution, what will happen to the cell

(Water leaves cell / water goes inside cell)

A

Leaves cell

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33
Q

Hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell.
(Water leaves cell / water goes inside cell)

A

Water Goes inside cell

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34
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Can be broken down into (2)

A

Interstitial Fluid (Fluid Between Cells)

Fluid in blood vessels (Plasma)

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35
Q

Na+
Ca+
Cl- (Chloride)
HC03- (bicarbonate)

Are the major ions where

A

Extracellular fluid

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36
Q

In the capillary ______ Pushes / Filtrates fluid or solutes

_____ pulls / reabsorbs Fluid or Solutes back into the capillary

A

Hydrostatic Pressure pushes out

Colloid Osmotic Pressure Pulls / Reabsorbs

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37
Q

Abnormalities of Hydrostatic / Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Hormones
Hydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Medication
Endocrine disorders

Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Both

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38
Q

Kidney function
Vascular structure
Cardiac health

Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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39
Q

Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Nutrition

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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40
Q

Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Selectively retain or eliminate electrolytes

Output of dilute urine with FBE

Renin

Which system

A

Kidneys

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41
Q

Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Kidney

(3)

A

Selectively retain or eliminate electrolytes

Output of dilute urine with FBE

Renin

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42
Q

Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Causes vasoconstriction, Na, & H²O retention

A

Aldosterone

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43
Q

Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Aldosterone

A

Causes vasoconstriction, Na, & H²O retention

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44
Q

ADH directly (decreases /increases) how much water is reabsorbed, and aldosterone directly (decreases / Increases) how much salt is absorbed

A

Both Increase

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45
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which (decreases /increases) sodium and water excretion

A

Increases

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46
Q

Thirst

Altered in infants and elderly

Regulated by _____

Stimulated by an increase in _____ and drying of the mucous membranes

A

Hypothalamus

Stimulated by increase in ECF & drying of the mucous membranes

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47
Q

Helps regulate the BP

Triggers secretion of Aldosterone

A

Renin

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48
Q

What Hormone triggers the secretion of Aldosterone

Increase the amount of sodium they send into your bloodstream or the amount of potassium released in your urine (pee).

Aldosterone’s effect on sodium increase causes your body to retain water in your blood

A

Renin

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49
Q

Changing the _____ will cause fluid to shift between the blood vessels and the cells

A

Osmolarity

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50
Q

Water Loss

Urine, stool, gastric, wounds

Vs

Skin, Respiration

A

Sensible: Urine, stool, gastric, wounds

Insensible: Skin & Lunga

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51
Q

When osmolality (decreases/ increases) it triggers your body to make antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It’s also called arginine vasopressin (AVP). This hormone tells your kidneys to keep more water inside your blood vessels and your urine becomes more concentrated. When osmolality decreases, your body doesn’t make as much ADH.

A

Increases

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52
Q

Too much ADH and water is retained, your blood volume ( decreases / increases) and leads to symptoms like: Feeling nauseous. Headaches. Disorientation‌Ju

A

Increase

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53
Q

Decreased serum osmolality
Increased blood volume

Decreased H2O reabsorption
Lower urine concentration

(Inhibits / Stimulates) release of ADH

A

Inhibits

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54
Q

Increased serum osmolality
Decreased blood volume
Increased reabsorption of H2O
Higher urine concentration

(Inhibits / Stimulates) release of ADH

A

Stimulates release of ADH

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55
Q

Osmolality (decreases/increases) when you are dehydrated

(decreases/ increases) when you have too much fluid in your blood.

A

Osmolality increaseswhen you are dehydrated

decreases when you have too much fluid in your blood.

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56
Q

______ is a measure of the different solutes in plasma

A

The serum or plasma osmolality

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57
Q

Low blood volume and increased serum osmolality Sensed by Hypothalamus

Sends signal to pituitary gland

Pituitary gland secrets _____ into blood stream

Causes kidneys to retain water

Water retention boost blood volume and decrease serum osmolality

A

ADH

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58
Q

Anti diuretic hormone ADH

AKA

A

Vasopressin

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59
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Gets activated when…

Serves which purpose

A

Low BP activates

Increase BP via

Vasoconstriction & Increased Fluid Volume

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60
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Blood flow to the glomerulus drops.

Juxtaglomerular cells secret _____ into blood stream

Renin travels to the liver and converts angiotensinogen into ____

Angiotensin I is converted in the lungs into ____

Angiotensin II travles to the adrenal glands to produce ____

Aldosterone causes kidneys to retain sodium and water

A

Renin

Angiotensin I

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

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61
Q

____ is released when atrial pressure increases (CHF)

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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62
Q

____ counter acts RAAS

Decreasing blood pressure
Reducing intravascular blood volume
Decreases release of Aldosterone & ADH

(Decreases / Increases) Urine excretion of sodium and water

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
(ANP)

Increases urine excretion

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63
Q

Serum osmolality (concentration in blood)

285 mOsm usually correlates with a urine specific gravity of 1.025 - 1.030

Lower than 285 is associated with

Higher…

A

Overhydration. Too much antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia.

Dehydration

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64
Q

Serum osmolality (concentration in blood)

285 mOsm usually correlates with a urine specific gravity of 1.025 - 1.030

Lower than 285 is associated with

Higher…

A

Overhydration. Too much antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia.

Dehydration

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65
Q

Urine osmolality (osmolar gap) ranges from 50 - 1400 mOsm/kg water but should be (range).

After overnight fast should be ____ times serum osmolality

A

500 - 800 mOsm

3

66
Q

High specific gravity suggests that the concentration of urine is too high.
>1.030

This is indicative of…

A

Dehydration

67
Q

Dehydration: decreased volume of water and electrolyte changes in ECF, Triggers ICF shift (Shrink / Enlarge) Cells

A

Shrinking

68
Q

______ deficiency in amount of water and Electrolytes in ECF with near-normal water/electrolyte proportions

A

Hypovolemia

69
Q

Excessive accumulation of ECF, in either the intravascular compartments or interstitial spaces

A

Hypervolemia

70
Q

_________is the mobilisation of body fluid to a non-contributory space rendering it unavailable to the circulatory system.

A

Third-space fluid shift

71
Q

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

A

Isotonic: Same concentration of particles as plasma

Hypertonic: Greater concentration of particles than plasma

Hypotonic: Lesser concentration of particles than plasma

72
Q

Isotonic (275- 295) mOsm/L

Closest to normal body fluid concentration

List IV solutions

A

D⁵W
0.9 NS
LR or RL
Lactated Ringer’s has water, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride

73
Q

Intravenous sugar solution, also known as dextrose solution, is a mixture of dextrose and water. It is used to treat …

A

low blood sugar or water loss without electrolyte loss.

Water loss without electrolyte loss may occur in fever, hyperthyroidism, high blood calcium, or diabetes insipidus

74
Q

D⁵W
0.9 NS
LR or RL
Lactated Ringer’s has water, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride

Is this type of Tonicity

A

Isotonic (275 - 295 mOsm/L)

75
Q

Hypotonic (<275 mOsm/L) Solutions

Should not be used in neuro

Water shifts in brain

Examples of Hypotonic Solutions

A

0.45 NaCl (1/2)
0.33 NaCl (1/3)

76
Q

0.45 NaCl (1/2)
0.33 NaCl (1/3)

Should not be used in Neuro
Water shifts in brain

This type of Tonicity

A

Hypotonic (<275 mOsm /L)

77
Q

D⁵ 0.9NS
D⁵ 0.45NS
D⁵ RL
D¹⁰ W

Solutions are this type of Tonicity

Can cause cell dehydration
Avoid in renal, Cardiac, and DKA

What is their osmolality?

A

Hypertonic (>295mOsm/L)

78
Q

D⁵W will cause this toncity in a patient

A

Hypo.

It is ISOTONIC in the bag but when the dextrose dissolves Becomes HYPOTONIC

79
Q

Function of Colloid Plasma Expander

Pulls fluid into blood stream 4x their volume in Interstitial fluid with in 15 minutes of administration

A

Human Albumin

80
Q

Human albumin, which pulls fluid into blood stream at 4x volume in interstitial fluid within 15 minutes

Side Effects

Respitory
Pulse
BP
volume

A

SOB
Increased BP
Increased Pulse
Hypervolemia

81
Q

1 liter of water = ____lbs

A

2.2

82
Q

Weight change of 1 lb = ____ mL

A

500 ish

83
Q

Decreased volume of water and Electrolytes change in ECF

Triggers ICF shift

What happens to the cells

A

Shrink

84
Q

Result of Hypovolemia or Fluid Loss

Water and Sodium are lost from the body in proportionately equal amounts

Type of ____ Dehydration

A

Isotonic Dehydration

85
Q

Isotonic Dehydration

Result

Effect on Water and Sodium Loss

A

Result of Hypovolemia or Fluid Loss

Water and Sodium are lost from the body in proportionately equal amounts

86
Q

Dry Skin is associated with

Dry Mocus Membranes are associated with

A

Dry Skin: Isotonic Dehydration

Dry Mocus Membranes:
Hypertonic Dehydration Deprivation of Fluids
Hypotonic Dehydration
Isotonic

87
Q

Sunken Eyes, Headache, Weakness are S/S of

A

Isotonic Dehydration

Result of hypovolemia or fluid volume loss.

Water and Sodium are lost at equal levels

88
Q

(decrease/ increase) in skin turgor is indicated when the skin (on the back of the hand for an adult or on the abdomen for a child) is pulled up for a few seconds and does not return to its original state.

Sign of dehydration.

A

Decrease

89
Q

Cause

Vomiting, Diarrhea

S/S
Dry Skin & Mucous Membranes
Increased HR & Decreased BP
Headache & Weakness

Which type of dehydration

A

Isotonic Dehydration

Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss

Water and Sodium are lost at same level

90
Q

Cause

Heat stroke and Sweating

S/S

Sunken eyes
Decreased skin turgor
Increased HR & decreased BP
Headache & Weakness

This type of dehydration

A

Isotonic Dehydration Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss

Water and Sodium are lost at equal rate

91
Q

Causes

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Burns
Heat stroke
Sweating

Type of ____ Dehydration

A

Isotonic Dehydration Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss

Water and Sodium are lost at equal rate

92
Q

Increased concentration of Solutes as a result of decreased amount of fluid

Often seen in Elderly and Very Young

                  Causes Impaired thirst Lower body water content (infants) Inability to communicate needs Confused Immobile Tube Feeding / Without supplemental H²O
A

Hypertonic Dehydration
(Deprivation of Fluids)

93
Q

Causes:

Impaired thirst / Confused/ Immobile

S / S

Orthostatic Hypotension
Tachycardia
Rapid, Weak Pulse
Fever (Lack of fluid for sweat)

This type of Dehydration

A

Hypertonic Dehydration
Deprivation of Fluid
Increased concentration of Solutes as a Results of Decreased amount of fluid

Often seen in Elderly and Very Young

94
Q

Causes

Tube Feeding/ without supplemental H²O
impaired Thirst
Inability to communicate needs

S/S

Hyperglycemia (not Diabetes Insipidus)
Hypernatremia
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia

Causes.
Infant- lower body water content
Inability to communicate needs
Immobility

S /S

Seizure / Coma
Dry mucous membranes
Poor skin turgor
Fever
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia

This type of ____ Dehydration

A

Hypertonic Dehydration
Deprivation of Fluids
Increased concentration of Solutes as a result of decreased amount of fluid

Often seen in Elderly and Very Young

95
Q

Sodium Loss in greater amounts than free water

(Loss of Hypertonic Fluid)

This type of Dehydration

A

Hypotonic Dehydration

96
Q

Causes:
Low-sodium diet
Diuretic overuse
Diluted urine / Large amounts

S/S

Dry mucous membranes
Orthostatic Hypotension
Poor skin turgor

This type ____ Dehydration

A

Hypotonic Dehydration
(Sodium loss in greater amounts than free water)
Loss of Hypertonic Fluid

97
Q

Causes

Diabetes Insipidus
Failure to excrete ADH
Hyperglycemia
Diluted Urine / Large Amounts

S / S
Hyponatremia
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia
Poor skin tugor
Orthostatic hypotension

This type ___ DEHYDRATION

A

Hypotonic Dehydration
Sodium Loss in greater amounts than free water

(Loss of Hypertonic Fluid)

98
Q

HCT levels for Males & Females that indicate Dehydration

A

> 44.2 Female
50.1 Male

Norms

35 - 44% female
40 - 50% male

99
Q

BUN level that indicates Dehydration

A

> 22

100
Q

Urine output that would be indicative of Dehydration

A

< 500ml

Possibly <800ml

Daily

101
Q

Urine Serum Osmolality that is indicative of Dehydration

A

> 300 mOm/kg

102
Q

Serum Na + associated with dehydration

A

> 145

103
Q

Urine specific gravity associated with dehydration

A

> 1.030

104
Q

Interventions for Dehydration

Avoid this type of solution

Can cause Dehydration

A

Hypertonic

105
Q

Interventions for Dehydration

Encourage oral fluids, Gatorade is the best choice

True or False

A

False avoid Gatorade

106
Q

Interventions for Dehydration

Hypotonic replacement

How to give

Why

A

Slowly, 48 hrs

Avoid Edema

107
Q

Hypovolemia

Hypotonic fluid loss from extracellular space

CAN RESULT IN HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

fluid loss

10 %
25%
40%

Describe severity of these losses

A

10 Mild
25 Moderate
40 Severe

108
Q

Hypovolemia

Hypotonic fluid loss & solutes from extracellular space

Cells (shrink / explode) ICF in an attempt to ….

A

Shrink

Replace ECF

109
Q

Causes:

Diuretics (lasix)
Polyuria (hyperglycemia)
Decreased fluid intake

S/S
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dizzy
Weigh loss
Delayed cap refill

This type of volume

A

Hypovolemia

110
Q

Causes

Third space shift
Thoracentesis
Sweating/ fever
Vomit / Diarrhea

S/S
Flat jugular vein
Weak/ thready pulse
Nausea
Tachycardia
Thirst
Anxiety
Dry mucous membranes

Type of volume

A

Hypovolemia

111
Q

Causes

NG tube suction / drainage
Hemorrhage
Trauma/ SX
Burns Severe
Diabetes Insipidus

S/S
Weight loss
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dizziness
Flat jugular vein
Anxiety

Volume level

A

Hypovolemia

112
Q

Hct norms Male & Female

A

35 - 44 % Female
40 - 50 % Male

113
Q

BUN normal values

A

8 - 22

114
Q

Hgb norms male & female

A

12 - 15 F
13.5 - 17 M

115
Q

Labs

Female

30 % Hct (Decreased)
10 Hgb (Decreased)

Normal to higg serum Na+ 145 or above
Urine output 100ml q12
BUN 24

This type of volume

A

Hypovolemia

116
Q

With hypovolemia

Na+ value
HCT & Hgb
BUN
Urine Output
Serum osmolality
Urine specific gravity

A

Na+ value: High >145
HCT & Hgb Decreased: Hct <35 / <40
Hgb <12 / <13.5
BUN >22
Urine Output < 500ml Daily
Serum osmolality Increased >300
Urine specific gravity Increased >1.030

CHECK LATER, BELIEVE HCT & HGB BOTH INCREASE. HIGH DRY

117
Q

Most accurate indicator of fluid status

A

Daily weight

118
Q

Fluid replacement for Hypovolemia (3)

A

Isotonic IVF
Albumin
Blood

119
Q

Hypovolemia preform the following

Monitor I & O

Skin & Mucous Membranes care

Watch for AMS. Why
Apply ___ as needed

A

AMS altered mental state (shock)
Apply O² as needed

120
Q

Hypovolemia shock happens at 40% fluid loss

Urine output
Skin color
AMS & LOC present
BP
HR

A

Urine <500 ml daily
Skin: cyanosis
AMS & LOC
Hypotension
Increase HR

121
Q

Hypovolemic Shock
Causes

A

Hemorrhage/ Bleeding
Trauma
Burns
Sudden / Progressive
Diabetes Insipidus

122
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

Interventions

A

Prevención
Fluid replacement
ID source & Stop Loss

123
Q

3rd spacing shift
Hypovolemia

Fluid moves out of intravascular space but NOT into the Extracellular Space

Fluid moves to interstitial space

Does what do ICF / ECF

A

Lowers

124
Q

Pulmonary/ cardiac edema
Malnourishment (Albumin)
Trauma
Pericardial effusion (Infection)
Burn
Sepsis
Liver failure (Ascities)
Cancer

Cause fluid to go where…

A

Third Spacing

125
Q

A hypertonic solution has greater osmolality, causing water to move out of the cell and be drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing cell to shrink.

True or False

A

True

Hypertonic solution has a greater osmolality, causing water to move out of cell and drawn into intravascular compartment, causing cell to shrink.

126
Q

Excessive accumulation of ECF, in either the intravascular compartments or interstitial spaces

A

Hypervolemia

127
Q

An excess of isotonic fluid (water & sodium) in the ECF.

Increase of fluid in either the Interstitial or Intervascular

A

Hypervolemia

128
Q

Compensation fails and forces fluid out of the blood vessels into the interstitial space is called…

A

Edema

129
Q

Causes vasoconstriction, Na & H²O retention

Compensatory Method

A

Aldosterone

130
Q

Causes kindeys to retain H²O (reabsorbs) / triggers thirsr

Compensatory Metho

A

ADH

131
Q

Helps regulate blood pressure/ triggers secretion of Aldosterone

Compensatory Method

A

Renin

132
Q

Stops the action of RAAS system

Compensatory Metho

A

ANP

ATRIA OF HEART

133
Q
  • Elderly and Peds more prone

Causes

Increased Na+ intake
Increasd fluid intake
Renal failure
CHF (backup)

A

Hypervolemia

134
Q

Elderly and Peds more prone

Causes low protein diet
Low albumin level
Hyperaldosteronisfluid after a burn (cell destruction)
IV fluid replacement

A

Hypervolemia

135
Q

Assessment Data

Edema
Dependent
Pulmonary crackles

Taught, shiny skin
Rapid Bounding HR / Pulse
Increased BP
Distended veins (JVD)
Bounding pulse
Weight gain
Polyuria
SOB
S3 Gallop

A

Hypervolemia

136
Q

Labs

Decreased Bun <8
Decreased Hct <35, <40
Normal NA
<3.5 K
Low urine specific gravity <1.007
Decreased O²
CXR -Pulmonary Congestion

Volume level

A

Hypervolemia

137
Q

How does Hypervolemia affect Osmolarity

A

Usually unaffected.

Equal gain of both solute and solvents

138
Q

Interventions

Lung sounds (pulmonary edema)
Potassium levels
Digoxin CHF, Strengthen Heart
Nitroglycerin (Vasodilation)
Morphine (Vasodilation)
Diuretics Lasix
Fluid & Na Restriction

This volume

A

Hypervolemia

139
Q

Intervention

Raise HOB
O² AS needed
Foley I & O
Daily weight
Skin care
Hemodialysis
Monitor over correction

A

Hypervolemia

140
Q

Increase in hydrostatic pressure or Decrease in Colloid Osmotic Pressure….

Causes…

A

Edema

141
Q

Right sided heart failure, rising capillary pressure unable to pull from the interstitial space, as the pulling force is not adequate causes….

A

Peripheral edema

142
Q

Left sided heart failure can cause …

A

Pulmonary edema

143
Q

Capillary integrity / damage and or lack of albumin protein can cause…

A

Edema

144
Q

Water intox

Low - sodium, extracellular space

____ fluid moves into the intracellular space (cells) via osmosis

A

Hypotonic

145
Q

With SIADH, the urine is very ( diluted /concentrated). Not enough water is excreted and there is too much water in the blood.

A

Concentrated

146
Q

SIAHD can cause water intoxication due to the person having excessive thirst and not urinating enough fluid

True or False

A

True

147
Q

S/S
Increased cranial pressure
Headche
AMS
Lethargy
Muscle weakness / cramping
Dyspnea
N/V
Weight Gain

A

Water intoxicación

148
Q

Late S/S

Pupillary changes
Brady cardia
Seizures
Coma

A

Water intox

149
Q

Interventions

Fluid restrictions
Neurological check
Daily weight

Serum Sodium <125
Serum osmolality <280

A

Water intoxicación

150
Q

In SIADH

This excess ADH leads to increased water reabsorption in the kidneys, (reducing / increasing) the amount of water excreted in the urine.

As a result, the urine becomes ( diluted / concentrated) with a(lower / higher) osmolality, while the bloodstream becomes diluted.

This imbalance contributes to the characteristic features of SIADH, including low sodium levels in the blood (hyponatremia) and concentrated urine despite an overall excess of body water.

A

Reducing

Concentrated/ higher

151
Q

Avoid this type of solution with these problems

Renal, cardiac, and DKA

A

Hypertonic

152
Q

This type of solution

Should NOT be used in (neuro)
•Water shifts in brain
•Avoid in third-spacing

A

Hypotonic

153
Q

Pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
-Plasma Protein fraction
-Watch for, SOB and increased BP (hypovolemia)

A

Colloids / Plasma expander

154
Q

Hypertonic dehydration is a result of

A

deprivation of fluids often seen in the elderly and very young

155
Q

Hypotonic dehydration is a result of

A

Low-sodium diet or diuretic overuse

sodium loss in greater amounts than free water often seen as a result of a

156
Q

(FVD)

A

Fluid volume deficit

157
Q

If its high your dry refers to…

A

Dehydration

Values will be high

158
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP), also known as oncotic pressure, is primarily exerted by proteins (such as ______) in the blood plasma.

. Changes in colloic pressure can contribute to several health problems:

Name (3)

A

Albumin

Edema:

Reduced colloid osmotic pressure can lead to the movement of fluid from blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, causing edema (swelling). This is commonly seen in conditions with low plasma protein levels, such as liver disease or malnutrition.

Hypovolemia:

Low COP can contribute to decreased blood volume (hypovolemia), resulting in symptoms such as dizziness, low blood pressure, and poor tissue perfusion.

Ascites:

In liver cirrhosis or other conditions causing liver dysfunction, low COP can contribute to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, leading to ascites.

159
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is essential for the movement of fluids between blood vessels and tissues.

Low pressure can cause

Name (5)

A

Edema

Poor perfusion

Hypovolemia/ Hypotension

Inadequate oxygen delivery

160
Q

FVE is….

A

Fluid volume excess

161
Q

Dehydration does this to hemoglobin & Hemocrit levels

A

Raises them

Hemoglobin
M >17.5
F > 16

Hemocrit
M >50
F >45

NURS 1245 (12 decks)

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