Electrolytes Flashcards
Healthy person has ___ % total body water
50 - 60
Who has more body fluid and ECF (Infant or child) and is more prone to fluid volume deficits
Infant
Women and elderly have (more / less) body water, and elderly have less muscle mass thus increased fat cells (muscle cells carry more fluid)
Less
Tell me about infants until 3 years old Metabolic rates and Urine
Higher metabolism
More urine Excretion &
Cannot concentrate Urine
Intracellular fluid ICF (Within Cell)
(4) Ions
K+
Mg+
P04 (Phosphate)
Proteins
K+
Mg+
P04
Proteins
Intra or Extracellular fluid
Intra
Extracellular fluid can be found
Between cells (INTERSTITIAL)
Within Blood Vessel-INTERVASCULAR (BLOOD PLASMA)
Types of electrolytes (4)
Na+
Ca+
Cl- (Chloride)
HC03- (bicarbonate)
Function of Fluid
Transport nutrients to and waste from cell
Transport Hormones, Enzymes, Blood platelets, & Red & White blood cells
Cellular Metabolism and Cellular Functions
Solvent for electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes
______________
______________
_______________
Maintain body temperature & Blood pressure
Digestion & Elimination
Tissue lube
Function of Fluid
Transports __________
Cellular metabolism
Acts as a _____ for electrolytes & nonelectrolytes
Maintains ___________
Digestion & Elimination
Tissue lube
Nutrients & Waste
Hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, red and white blood cells
Acts as a solvent
Maints Temp & Blood Pressure
A series of shifts and movements to achieve
Equilibrium of ______ (concentration level)
Equilibrium of ______ (pressure within fluid spaces)
Osmolarity
Pressure
Osmolarity is..
measurement of solute concentration.
It is the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L)
_____ liquids that hold a substance in solution (water)
_____ substances dissolved in a solution (electrolytes and nonelectrolytes)
Solvents (water)
Solutes (electrolytes)
Sodium (Na) is found
(ECF or ICF)
ECF
Controls and regulates volume of body fluids / Affecting BP
Found in ECF
Sodium Na
Potassium (K) is found here
ICF
Cheif regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content, CARDIAC
Potassium K
Metabolism of carbohydrate and protein, vital actions involving enzymes (ATP)
Magnesium Mg
Magnesium Mg is found here
ICF
Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)
Fluid moves from areas with more fluid to areas of less
Osmosis
Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)
Solutes move from higher concentration to lower
Diffusion
Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)
Solutes move from lower concentration to higher
Active transport
Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)
Forces fluid and solutes through the capillary wall
Filtration
Movement of Fluids and Electrolytes
(Shifting)
Prevents too much fluid from leaving the capillaries
Reabsorption
Hydrostatic Pressure does what…
What force makes this happen
Where does this happen in the body
Forces fluid and solutes to move out of the capillary.
Gravity
In the arterial end of the capillary
Osmotic Pressure aka Colloid aka Oncotic Pressure- Does what?
Via Osmosis, but what solute drives this action
Returns water to the capillary
Albumin (too large move through capillary)
enters your bloodstream and helps keep fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels into other tissues.
It is also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes throughout your body. Without it, fluid can leak out of your blood and build up in your lungs, abdomen (belly), or other parts of your body
Albumin
Plasma Colloid osmotic pressure assists in Diffusion (Reabsorption or Capillary Filtration)
Reabsorption
Hydrostatic Pressure forces this type of action (Reabsorption or Capillary Filtration)
Capillary Filtration
When hydrostatic Pressure ( Drops Lower / Exceeds) Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure Fluids and Solutes move from capillaries to the interstitial space.
Exceeds
When Hydrostatic Pressure (Drops Lower / Exceeds) plasma Colloid Pressure, Fluid & Solutes enter the capillaries from the interstitial fluid
Drops lower
Intravascular fluid is aka
Plasma
Hypertonic Solution, what will happen to the cell
(Water leaves cell / water goes inside cell)
Leaves cell
Hypotonic solution, what happens to the cell.
(Water leaves cell / water goes inside cell)
Water Goes inside cell
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Can be broken down into (2)
Interstitial Fluid (Fluid Between Cells)
Fluid in blood vessels (Plasma)
Na+
Ca+
Cl- (Chloride)
HC03- (bicarbonate)
Are the major ions where
Extracellular fluid
In the capillary ______ Pushes / Filtrates fluid or solutes
_____ pulls / reabsorbs Fluid or Solutes back into the capillary
Hydrostatic Pressure pushes out
Colloid Osmotic Pressure Pulls / Reabsorbs
Abnormalities of Hydrostatic / Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Hormones
Hydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Medication
Endocrine disorders
Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Both
Kidney function
Vascular structure
Cardiac health
Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Affect Hydrostatic or Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Nutrition
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
Selectively retain or eliminate electrolytes
Output of dilute urine with FBE
Renin
Which system
Kidneys
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
Kidney
(3)
Selectively retain or eliminate electrolytes
Output of dilute urine with FBE
Renin
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
Causes vasoconstriction, Na, & H²O retention
Aldosterone
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance
Aldosterone
Causes vasoconstriction, Na, & H²O retention
ADH directly (decreases /increases) how much water is reabsorbed, and aldosterone directly (decreases / Increases) how much salt is absorbed
Both Increase
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which (decreases /increases) sodium and water excretion
Increases
Thirst
Altered in infants and elderly
Regulated by _____
Stimulated by an increase in _____ and drying of the mucous membranes
Hypothalamus
Stimulated by increase in ECF & drying of the mucous membranes
Helps regulate the BP
Triggers secretion of Aldosterone
Renin
What Hormone triggers the secretion of Aldosterone
Increase the amount of sodium they send into your bloodstream or the amount of potassium released in your urine (pee).
Aldosterone’s effect on sodium increase causes your body to retain water in your blood
Renin
Changing the _____ will cause fluid to shift between the blood vessels and the cells
Osmolarity
Water Loss
Urine, stool, gastric, wounds
Vs
Skin, Respiration
Sensible: Urine, stool, gastric, wounds
Insensible: Skin & Lunga
When osmolality (decreases/ increases) it triggers your body to make antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It’s also called arginine vasopressin (AVP). This hormone tells your kidneys to keep more water inside your blood vessels and your urine becomes more concentrated. When osmolality decreases, your body doesn’t make as much ADH.
Increases
Too much ADH and water is retained, your blood volume ( decreases / increases) and leads to symptoms like: Feeling nauseous. Headaches. DisorientationJu
Increase
Decreased serum osmolality
Increased blood volume
Decreased H2O reabsorption
Lower urine concentration
(Inhibits / Stimulates) release of ADH
Inhibits
Increased serum osmolality
Decreased blood volume
Increased reabsorption of H2O
Higher urine concentration
(Inhibits / Stimulates) release of ADH
Stimulates release of ADH
Osmolality (decreases/increases) when you are dehydrated
(decreases/ increases) when you have too much fluid in your blood.
Osmolality increaseswhen you are dehydrated
decreases when you have too much fluid in your blood.
______ is a measure of the different solutes in plasma
The serum or plasma osmolality
Low blood volume and increased serum osmolality Sensed by Hypothalamus
Sends signal to pituitary gland
Pituitary gland secrets _____ into blood stream
Causes kidneys to retain water
Water retention boost blood volume and decrease serum osmolality
ADH
Anti diuretic hormone ADH
AKA
Vasopressin
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Gets activated when…
Serves which purpose
Low BP activates
Increase BP via
Vasoconstriction & Increased Fluid Volume
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Blood flow to the glomerulus drops.
Juxtaglomerular cells secret _____ into blood stream
Renin travels to the liver and converts angiotensinogen into ____
Angiotensin I is converted in the lungs into ____
Angiotensin II travles to the adrenal glands to produce ____
Aldosterone causes kidneys to retain sodium and water
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
____ is released when atrial pressure increases (CHF)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
____ counter acts RAAS
Decreasing blood pressure
Reducing intravascular blood volume
Decreases release of Aldosterone & ADH
(Decreases / Increases) Urine excretion of sodium and water
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
(ANP)
Increases urine excretion
Serum osmolality (concentration in blood)
285 mOsm usually correlates with a urine specific gravity of 1.025 - 1.030
Lower than 285 is associated with
Higher…
Overhydration. Too much antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia.
Dehydration
Serum osmolality (concentration in blood)
285 mOsm usually correlates with a urine specific gravity of 1.025 - 1.030
Lower than 285 is associated with
Higher…
Overhydration. Too much antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia.
Dehydration
Urine osmolality (osmolar gap) ranges from 50 - 1400 mOsm/kg water but should be (range).
After overnight fast should be ____ times serum osmolality
500 - 800 mOsm
3
High specific gravity suggests that the concentration of urine is too high.
>1.030
This is indicative of…
Dehydration
Dehydration: decreased volume of water and electrolyte changes in ECF, Triggers ICF shift (Shrink / Enlarge) Cells
Shrinking
______ deficiency in amount of water and Electrolytes in ECF with near-normal water/electrolyte proportions
Hypovolemia
Excessive accumulation of ECF, in either the intravascular compartments or interstitial spaces
Hypervolemia
_________is the mobilisation of body fluid to a non-contributory space rendering it unavailable to the circulatory system.
Third-space fluid shift
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic: Same concentration of particles as plasma
Hypertonic: Greater concentration of particles than plasma
Hypotonic: Lesser concentration of particles than plasma
Isotonic (275- 295) mOsm/L
Closest to normal body fluid concentration
List IV solutions
D⁵W
0.9 NS
LR or RL
Lactated Ringer’s has water, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride
Intravenous sugar solution, also known as dextrose solution, is a mixture of dextrose and water. It is used to treat …
low blood sugar or water loss without electrolyte loss.
Water loss without electrolyte loss may occur in fever, hyperthyroidism, high blood calcium, or diabetes insipidus
D⁵W
0.9 NS
LR or RL
Lactated Ringer’s has water, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride
Is this type of Tonicity
Isotonic (275 - 295 mOsm/L)
Hypotonic (<275 mOsm/L) Solutions
Should not be used in neuro
Water shifts in brain
Examples of Hypotonic Solutions
0.45 NaCl (1/2)
0.33 NaCl (1/3)
0.45 NaCl (1/2)
0.33 NaCl (1/3)
Should not be used in Neuro
Water shifts in brain
This type of Tonicity
Hypotonic (<275 mOsm /L)
D⁵ 0.9NS
D⁵ 0.45NS
D⁵ RL
D¹⁰ W
Solutions are this type of Tonicity
Can cause cell dehydration
Avoid in renal, Cardiac, and DKA
What is their osmolality?
Hypertonic (>295mOsm/L)
D⁵W will cause this toncity in a patient
Hypo.
It is ISOTONIC in the bag but when the dextrose dissolves Becomes HYPOTONIC
Function of Colloid Plasma Expander
Pulls fluid into blood stream 4x their volume in Interstitial fluid with in 15 minutes of administration
Human Albumin
Human albumin, which pulls fluid into blood stream at 4x volume in interstitial fluid within 15 minutes
Side Effects
Respitory
Pulse
BP
volume
SOB
Increased BP
Increased Pulse
Hypervolemia
1 liter of water = ____lbs
2.2
Weight change of 1 lb = ____ mL
500 ish
Decreased volume of water and Electrolytes change in ECF
Triggers ICF shift
What happens to the cells
Shrink
Result of Hypovolemia or Fluid Loss
Water and Sodium are lost from the body in proportionately equal amounts
Type of ____ Dehydration
Isotonic Dehydration
Isotonic Dehydration
Result
Effect on Water and Sodium Loss
Result of Hypovolemia or Fluid Loss
Water and Sodium are lost from the body in proportionately equal amounts
Dry Skin is associated with
Dry Mocus Membranes are associated with
Dry Skin: Isotonic Dehydration
Dry Mocus Membranes:
Hypertonic Dehydration Deprivation of Fluids
Hypotonic Dehydration
Isotonic
Sunken Eyes, Headache, Weakness are S/S of
Isotonic Dehydration
Result of hypovolemia or fluid volume loss.
Water and Sodium are lost at equal levels
(decrease/ increase) in skin turgor is indicated when the skin (on the back of the hand for an adult or on the abdomen for a child) is pulled up for a few seconds and does not return to its original state.
Sign of dehydration.
Decrease
Cause
Vomiting, Diarrhea
S/S
Dry Skin & Mucous Membranes
Increased HR & Decreased BP
Headache & Weakness
Which type of dehydration
Isotonic Dehydration
Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss
Water and Sodium are lost at same level
Cause
Heat stroke and Sweating
S/S
Sunken eyes
Decreased skin turgor
Increased HR & decreased BP
Headache & Weakness
This type of dehydration
Isotonic Dehydration Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss
Water and Sodium are lost at equal rate
Causes
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Burns
Heat stroke
Sweating
Type of ____ Dehydration
Isotonic Dehydration Result of hypovolemia or fluid loss
Water and Sodium are lost at equal rate
Increased concentration of Solutes as a result of decreased amount of fluid
Often seen in Elderly and Very Young
Causes Impaired thirst Lower body water content (infants) Inability to communicate needs Confused Immobile Tube Feeding / Without supplemental H²O
Hypertonic Dehydration
(Deprivation of Fluids)
Causes:
Impaired thirst / Confused/ Immobile
S / S
Orthostatic Hypotension
Tachycardia
Rapid, Weak Pulse
Fever (Lack of fluid for sweat)
This type of Dehydration
Hypertonic Dehydration
Deprivation of Fluid
Increased concentration of Solutes as a Results of Decreased amount of fluid
Often seen in Elderly and Very Young
Causes
Tube Feeding/ without supplemental H²O
impaired Thirst
Inability to communicate needs
S/S
Hyperglycemia (not Diabetes Insipidus)
Hypernatremia
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia
Causes.
Infant- lower body water content
Inability to communicate needs
Immobility
S /S
Seizure / Coma
Dry mucous membranes
Poor skin turgor
Fever
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia
This type of ____ Dehydration
Hypertonic Dehydration
Deprivation of Fluids
Increased concentration of Solutes as a result of decreased amount of fluid
Often seen in Elderly and Very Young
Sodium Loss in greater amounts than free water
(Loss of Hypertonic Fluid)
This type of Dehydration
Hypotonic Dehydration
Causes:
Low-sodium diet
Diuretic overuse
Diluted urine / Large amounts
S/S
Dry mucous membranes
Orthostatic Hypotension
Poor skin turgor
This type ____ Dehydration
Hypotonic Dehydration
(Sodium loss in greater amounts than free water)
Loss of Hypertonic Fluid
Causes
Diabetes Insipidus
Failure to excrete ADH
Hyperglycemia
Diluted Urine / Large Amounts
S / S
Hyponatremia
Rapid / Weak Pulse
Tachycardia
Poor skin tugor
Orthostatic hypotension
This type ___ DEHYDRATION
Hypotonic Dehydration
Sodium Loss in greater amounts than free water
(Loss of Hypertonic Fluid)
HCT levels for Males & Females that indicate Dehydration
> 44.2 Female
50.1 Male
Norms
35 - 44% female
40 - 50% male
BUN level that indicates Dehydration
> 22
Urine output that would be indicative of Dehydration
< 500ml
Possibly <800ml
Daily
Urine Serum Osmolality that is indicative of Dehydration
> 300 mOm/kg
Serum Na + associated with dehydration
> 145
Urine specific gravity associated with dehydration
> 1.030
Interventions for Dehydration
Avoid this type of solution
Can cause Dehydration
Hypertonic
Interventions for Dehydration
Encourage oral fluids, Gatorade is the best choice
True or False
False avoid Gatorade
Interventions for Dehydration
Hypotonic replacement
How to give
Why
Slowly, 48 hrs
Avoid Edema
Hypovolemia
Hypotonic fluid loss from extracellular space
CAN RESULT IN HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
fluid loss
10 %
25%
40%
Describe severity of these losses
10 Mild
25 Moderate
40 Severe
Hypovolemia
Hypotonic fluid loss & solutes from extracellular space
Cells (shrink / explode) ICF in an attempt to ….
Shrink
Replace ECF
Causes:
Diuretics (lasix)
Polyuria (hyperglycemia)
Decreased fluid intake
S/S
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dizzy
Weigh loss
Delayed cap refill
This type of volume
Hypovolemia
Causes
Third space shift
Thoracentesis
Sweating/ fever
Vomit / Diarrhea
S/S
Flat jugular vein
Weak/ thready pulse
Nausea
Tachycardia
Thirst
Anxiety
Dry mucous membranes
Type of volume
Hypovolemia
Causes
NG tube suction / drainage
Hemorrhage
Trauma/ SX
Burns Severe
Diabetes Insipidus
S/S
Weight loss
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dizziness
Flat jugular vein
Anxiety
Volume level
Hypovolemia
Hct norms Male & Female
35 - 44 % Female
40 - 50 % Male
BUN normal values
8 - 22
Hgb norms male & female
12 - 15 F
13.5 - 17 M
Labs
Female
30 % Hct (Decreased)
10 Hgb (Decreased)
Normal to higg serum Na+ 145 or above
Urine output 100ml q12
BUN 24
This type of volume
Hypovolemia
With hypovolemia
Na+ value
HCT & Hgb
BUN
Urine Output
Serum osmolality
Urine specific gravity
Na+ value: High >145
HCT & Hgb Decreased: Hct <35 / <40
Hgb <12 / <13.5
BUN >22
Urine Output < 500ml Daily
Serum osmolality Increased >300
Urine specific gravity Increased >1.030
CHECK LATER, BELIEVE HCT & HGB BOTH INCREASE. HIGH DRY
Most accurate indicator of fluid status
Daily weight
Fluid replacement for Hypovolemia (3)
Isotonic IVF
Albumin
Blood
Hypovolemia preform the following
Monitor I & O
Skin & Mucous Membranes care
Watch for AMS. Why
Apply ___ as needed
AMS altered mental state (shock)
Apply O² as needed
Hypovolemia shock happens at 40% fluid loss
Urine output
Skin color
AMS & LOC present
BP
HR
Urine <500 ml daily
Skin: cyanosis
AMS & LOC
Hypotension
Increase HR
Hypovolemic Shock
Causes
Hemorrhage/ Bleeding
Trauma
Burns
Sudden / Progressive
Diabetes Insipidus
Hypovolemic Shock
Interventions
Prevención
Fluid replacement
ID source & Stop Loss
3rd spacing shift
Hypovolemia
Fluid moves out of intravascular space but NOT into the Extracellular Space
Fluid moves to interstitial space
Does what do ICF / ECF
Lowers
Pulmonary/ cardiac edema
Malnourishment (Albumin)
Trauma
Pericardial effusion (Infection)
Burn
Sepsis
Liver failure (Ascities)
Cancer
Cause fluid to go where…
Third Spacing
A hypertonic solution has greater osmolality, causing water to move out of the cell and be drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing cell to shrink.
True or False
True
Hypertonic solution has a greater osmolality, causing water to move out of cell and drawn into intravascular compartment, causing cell to shrink.
Excessive accumulation of ECF, in either the intravascular compartments or interstitial spaces
Hypervolemia
An excess of isotonic fluid (water & sodium) in the ECF.
Increase of fluid in either the Interstitial or Intervascular
Hypervolemia
Compensation fails and forces fluid out of the blood vessels into the interstitial space is called…
Edema
Causes vasoconstriction, Na & H²O retention
Compensatory Method
Aldosterone
Causes kindeys to retain H²O (reabsorbs) / triggers thirsr
Compensatory Metho
ADH
Helps regulate blood pressure/ triggers secretion of Aldosterone
Compensatory Method
Renin
Stops the action of RAAS system
Compensatory Metho
ANP
ATRIA OF HEART
- Elderly and Peds more prone
Causes
Increased Na+ intake
Increasd fluid intake
Renal failure
CHF (backup)
Hypervolemia
Elderly and Peds more prone
Causes low protein diet
Low albumin level
Hyperaldosteronisfluid after a burn (cell destruction)
IV fluid replacement
Hypervolemia
Assessment Data
Edema
Dependent
Pulmonary crackles
Taught, shiny skin
Rapid Bounding HR / Pulse
Increased BP
Distended veins (JVD)
Bounding pulse
Weight gain
Polyuria
SOB
S3 Gallop
Hypervolemia
Labs
Decreased Bun <8
Decreased Hct <35, <40
Normal NA
<3.5 K
Low urine specific gravity <1.007
Decreased O²
CXR -Pulmonary Congestion
Volume level
Hypervolemia
How does Hypervolemia affect Osmolarity
Usually unaffected.
Equal gain of both solute and solvents
Interventions
Lung sounds (pulmonary edema)
Potassium levels
Digoxin CHF, Strengthen Heart
Nitroglycerin (Vasodilation)
Morphine (Vasodilation)
Diuretics Lasix
Fluid & Na Restriction
This volume
Hypervolemia
Intervention
Raise HOB
O² AS needed
Foley I & O
Daily weight
Skin care
Hemodialysis
Monitor over correction
Hypervolemia
Increase in hydrostatic pressure or Decrease in Colloid Osmotic Pressure….
Causes…
Edema
Right sided heart failure, rising capillary pressure unable to pull from the interstitial space, as the pulling force is not adequate causes….
Peripheral edema
Left sided heart failure can cause …
Pulmonary edema
Capillary integrity / damage and or lack of albumin protein can cause…
Edema
Water intox
Low - sodium, extracellular space
____ fluid moves into the intracellular space (cells) via osmosis
Hypotonic
With SIADH, the urine is very ( diluted /concentrated). Not enough water is excreted and there is too much water in the blood.
Concentrated
SIAHD can cause water intoxication due to the person having excessive thirst and not urinating enough fluid
True or False
True
S/S
Increased cranial pressure
Headche
AMS
Lethargy
Muscle weakness / cramping
Dyspnea
N/V
Weight Gain
Water intoxicación
Late S/S
Pupillary changes
Brady cardia
Seizures
Coma
Water intox
Interventions
Fluid restrictions
Neurological check
Daily weight
Serum Sodium <125
Serum osmolality <280
Water intoxicación
In SIADH
This excess ADH leads to increased water reabsorption in the kidneys, (reducing / increasing) the amount of water excreted in the urine.
As a result, the urine becomes ( diluted / concentrated) with a(lower / higher) osmolality, while the bloodstream becomes diluted.
This imbalance contributes to the characteristic features of SIADH, including low sodium levels in the blood (hyponatremia) and concentrated urine despite an overall excess of body water.
Reducing
Concentrated/ higher
Avoid this type of solution with these problems
Renal, cardiac, and DKA
Hypertonic
This type of solution
Should NOT be used in (neuro)
•Water shifts in brain
•Avoid in third-spacing
Hypotonic
Pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
-Plasma Protein fraction
-Watch for, SOB and increased BP (hypovolemia)
Colloids / Plasma expander
Hypertonic dehydration is a result of
deprivation of fluids often seen in the elderly and very young
Hypotonic dehydration is a result of
Low-sodium diet or diuretic overuse
sodium loss in greater amounts than free water often seen as a result of a
(FVD)
Fluid volume deficit
If its high your dry refers to…
Dehydration
Values will be high
Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP), also known as oncotic pressure, is primarily exerted by proteins (such as ______) in the blood plasma.
. Changes in colloic pressure can contribute to several health problems:
Name (3)
Albumin
Edema:
Reduced colloid osmotic pressure can lead to the movement of fluid from blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, causing edema (swelling). This is commonly seen in conditions with low plasma protein levels, such as liver disease or malnutrition.
Hypovolemia:
Low COP can contribute to decreased blood volume (hypovolemia), resulting in symptoms such as dizziness, low blood pressure, and poor tissue perfusion.
Ascites:
In liver cirrhosis or other conditions causing liver dysfunction, low COP can contribute to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, leading to ascites.
Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is essential for the movement of fluids between blood vessels and tissues.
Low pressure can cause
Name (5)
Edema
Poor perfusion
Hypovolemia/ Hypotension
Inadequate oxygen delivery
FVE is….
Fluid volume excess
Dehydration does this to hemoglobin & Hemocrit levels
Raises them
Hemoglobin
M >17.5
F > 16
Hemocrit
M >50
F >45
